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1. Small scale biomass CHP technologies 1.1 General The main technology for small scale CHP production continues to be the Rankine cycle. New technologies like gasification of biomass, stirling engines and organic rankine cycle (ORC) are being developed but most of those have yet to reach the technical and commercial maturity. Due to economic reasons, small scale CHP plants are often simplified and pre- engineered modular units. Annual operating hours typically vary between 4000 – 5000 h, most of which is on partial load. Small physical size of the plant, fast delivery (8 – 20 months) and the general uncertainty in the energy market all work in favour of a simplified, cheaper plant and therefore advanced process alternatives like feedwater preheating in several stages is usually not applied as the small increase in efficiency would not compensate the increased cost of the plant. 1.2 Combustion technologies 1.2.1 Grate combustion Grate combustion is the traditional technology for burning solid fuels. Grates are still widely used for both hot water boilers and steam production in small scale plants. Grates are less tolerant for fuel quality variations than fluidised bed boilers but they have been able to compete with modern combustion technologies due to continuous research and development. The new improved grate firing technologies make it possible to burn very wet fuels like sawdust and bark residue. With simple construction, grate firing can offer a competitive alternative in the small scale. In Finland, companies like Wärtsilä Biopower and Thermia Oy have developed new competitive grate boiler types. Especially the underfeed rotating grate boiler developed by Wärtsilät has proved to be successful. 1.2.2 Fluidised bed combustion Fluidised bed combustion technologies have been developed since the late 60’s. The first concepts were based on bubbling fluidised beds (BFB) and the development of 8PDF Image | Small-scale biomass CHP Finland Denmark and Sweden
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