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district heating produced in the CHP plants, high power-to-heat ratios in the CHP units, and high operation times of the CHP plants during the periods of high electricity demand [Danish Energy Agency, 1998]. Coal and oil still have an important share in the energy production in Denmark, but this will gradually be changed in the future due to the government policies to enhance the use of solid biofuels in new or retrofitted CHP plants. One of the main strategies to promote small-scale CHP plants using biofuels was adopted by the Danish government in the 1992. A subsidy was aimed at the small-scale CHP plants and industrial CHP plants based on natural gas or renewables. The subsidy is 100 DKK/MWhe (13 EUR/MWhe) for the electricity sold to the grid. An additional subsidy of 170 DKK/MWhe (23 EUR/MWhe) was given to the CHP plants using biogas or straw and to the wood-fired pilot and demonstration plants. [SalomoĢn, 2002] In the 1995, the Danish Follow-Up Programme for Small-Scale Solid Biomass CHP Plants was established. The primary objective was to collect and analyse data from the existing CHP plants with respect to the environment, energy, and economy. The programme also addresses the conversion of the heating plants to the CHP. Funds have been granted for biogas, steam, gasification, and Stirling plants. In the 2000, there were four gasification projects, five steam turbine plants, five Stirling plants, and one steam engine plant either in operation or in the process of starting up. Also, both the industry and the utilities have established straw and wood based steam plants. [Christiansen et al, 2000] According to the Danish Heat Supply Act, approximately 110 biomass district heating plants must continue using biofuels. From this about 40 plants have to cover 90 % of the heat market. If the plant is rebuilt or renovated, the possibility of the CHP should be considered. Also the rest of the heat producing plants must utilise biofuels. If the plant is larger than 1 MW, it should be converted to the CHP, if it is feasible. Also larger heating plants in Denmark should study the feasibility of producing electricity. There are 50 heating plants in Denmark using wood chips, 25 using wood pellets, and 75 using straw. These 150 plants have to evaluate the possibility to convert their production to the combined heat and power. It is expected that 40 to 50 of them could be converted to the CHP [Christiansen, 1999]. In the 1997, the Danish Parliament decided that the natural gas CHP plants should change from natural gas to biogas, gasified gas or landfill gas, if it is cost-effective. By the 1999, there were 10 biomass CHP plants and 10 research and development project sites operating in Denmark. [Christiansen et al, 2000] 67PDF Image | Small-scale biomass CHP Finland Denmark and Sweden
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