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1.0 Solar Energy Technologies: Program Overview 1.1 External Assessment and Market Overview Solar energy is one of the most ubiquitous primary energy sources on earth. Throughout most of history, humans have depended on this energy derived from the sun for cooking and warmth. However, since the Industrial Revolution, we have relied on fossil fuels to power our machines developed for performing work, as well as for providing mobility and comfort. Unfortunately, these fossil fuels are finite and their extensive use appears to have significant, though uncertain, environmental consequences. For these reasons, we now look back to our heritage—and the potential for harnessing the sun’s energy—to find a critical path forward and a major contributor to power our ever-growing high- technology society. To supply significant amounts of energy to meet the needs of the modern age, solar energy must be collected and efficiently converted to more useable forms, such as heat or electricity, required for most applications. As illustrated in Fig. 1.1-1, solar energy is abundant across most of the United States, although most intense in the Desert Southwest. Solar technologies can effectively power a substantial portion of America’s residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. If every single-family home in America had a 3 kilowatt (kW) photovoltaic system on its roof, these combined homes could generate more than 420 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity—more than 35% of the entire residential electricity demand for the United States. If every single-family home also had a 6-m2 solar water heater, an additional 255 billion kWh of energy demand could be displaced. Considering an alternative scenario, it is estimated that a land mass of about 13,456 square miles—less than 0.5% of the U.S. mainland land mass, or about 25% of the area currently used for the nation’s highway/roadway system—could provide as much electricity as presently consumed in the United States. The key to tapping into this vast, indigenous resource is in developing cost-effective solar energy systems that can harness the sun’s energy and turn that energy into useable forms of work. In essence, this is the rationale and purpose for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Solar Energy Technologies Program (or Solar Program). The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), recognizing this potential, has supported the development of solar energy for the past three decades. This support through the DOE Solar Program has delivered more than 30 years of success in improving energy technologies that provide both thermal energy (i.e., solar water heating) and electric power (i.e., Solar Energy: Available Across the Entire Nation Annually, the average solar resource across the United States is 1,800 kilowatt-hours per square meter (kWh/m2). The most intense resource is in the Desert Southwest, at 2,300 kWh/m2. However, this is only about 25% higher than the nation’s average. Interestingly, solar energy can actually be more cost effective in New York than in Arizona because electricity prices may be 50% higher in New York than in Arizona. 1PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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