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1.2 Internal Assessment and Program History Under the Solar Energy Research Act of 1974, predecessors to the Solar Program began conducting solar research in response to the first “energy crisis” that resulted from the Arab oil embargo. Skyrocketing oil prices shocked America and encouraged a search for energy independence and new domestic energy sources. Solar energy was considered a strong alternative to traditional fossil fuels in several markets, and federal involvement focused on rapidly developing and demonstrating solar technologies, coupled with federal and state tax credits to spur deployment. Federal and university laboratories pursued a wide range of solar technologies, and facilities such as Sandia National Laboratories’ National Solar Thermal Test Facility were constructed. In 1977, the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) began operation as a laboratory dedicated to renewable energy R&D. In 1991, SERI was designated a national laboratory and subsequently renamed the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). A major strength of the Solar Program has been a consistent and balanced R&D portfolio, with continuing research support for near-, mid-, and long-term technologies aimed at reducing cost and increasing performance and reliability. The total funding appropriated for solar research since DOE was established has been $5.8 billion.8 Of that total, $2.7 billion has been spent on photovoltaics research, $1.7 billion on concentrating solar power research, and $0.8 billion for solar heating and lighting and other buildings-related research.9 The remainder ($0.6 billion) was spent on solar- related technology transfer, international efforts, and other activities.10 In the early 1970s, a “gold rush” mentality was evident in the push to demonstrate the feasibility of solar technologies. When energy prices moderated in the 1980s, the technical feasibility of the technologies was proven, but the cost of the solar option remained too high. At this point, the DOE program focused on sustained technological improvements, maintaining its efforts to improve the technology base via R&D, while waiting for conventional energy costs to rise to where solar technologies could be competitive. These patient efforts paid dividends by capturing substantial high-value markets, and solar energy technologies are poised to capture an increasing portion of conventional energy markets. The Photovoltaics Subprogram embarked on a program to improve the fundamental materials science and engineering physics of PV cells and modules to achieve greater conversion efficiencies. Furthermore, a parallel public/private partnership to reduce the cost of cell and module manufacturing successfully drove down the costs of these components. In the early 1990s, the program worked with the electric utility industry to demonstrate various applications of PV systems via the Utility Photovoltaics Group. All these activities helped to drive down the costs of the technologies and achieve high-value market penetration. Today, the DOE PV effort focuses on further reducing the overall systems costs (including inverters and balance of systems) and rapidly expanding the market acceptance of solar electric technologies. In the 1980s, the Concentrating Solar Power Subprogram focused on demonstration projects, culminating in the early 1990s with the construction of the Solar One and Solar Two plants. A parallel R&D effort evaluated several innovative solar-collector concepts (e.g., bowls). One technology emerging from this evaluation was the dish/Stirling system as the preferred low-cost option relative to Brayton and organic Rankine dish/engine options. Due to budget considerations during the last decade, the subprogram focused its efforts away from the higher capital-cost tower technology and continues to work on reducing the costs of both the CSP trough and dish/engine technologies. Solar water-heating efforts evolved from the first-generation systems of the 1970s, which had mixed success in the marketplace. The DOE program focused on standards and certification for improving reliability, worked on improved 8 U.S. Department of Energy: FY 2002–FY 2006 Congressional Budget Request. Office of Management, Budget and Evaluation. U.S. Department of Energy: FY 1978–FY 2001 Power and Delivery Sector–Historical Budget by Line Item. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy. 2001. 9 Ibid. 10 Ibid. 7PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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