PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 038
Concentrating PV. The fundamental distinction between concentrator and flat-plate PV technologies is the amount of sunlight concentrated on the solar cells within each module. It is common to refer to the standard solar irradiance at the Earth’s surface—1 kW/m2—as “one sun”; in CPV, light is focused on the cell up to 1000-suns concentration. Because the CPV array relies on focusing direct sunlight onto the cell, the system’s array tracks the sun throughout the day to maintain the sun’s focus on the cell. Although CPV technologies held a very small portion of market share in 2004 (less than 1%), the technology’s potential lies in the ability to use relatively small areas of high-efficiency solar cells by collecting the light that falls on a large area and focusing that light onto the cells using inexpensive polymer lenses. Although the balance of the module’s material (other than cells) is relatively inexpensive plastics and steel, this approach also requires more sophisticated gears and tracking than other PV systems, which introduces additional costs and O&M considerations. Improvements in trackers and support structures made in the concentrating solar thermal program activities also positively impact CPV applications. Current CPV systems employ high-efficiency c-Si technologies and are beginning to use III-V multijunction cells. Although there is still little market penetration for CPV, serious interest is being shown by utilities in the Desert Southwest as a technology with the potential to be competitive in the utility power market. One of the keys to future competitiveness for CPV is the ability to increase the efficiency of the small-area cells. In this area, the Solar Program and its industrial partners continue to lead the world with laboratory cells with efficiencies approaching 40%. Inverters, Balance of Systems, Systems Engineering and Integration The inverter, which converts the DC electricity from a PV array to the AC of common use and is the basic controller for the entire PV system, is generally the second-highest initial hardware cost component in a PV system, behind the array itself. Inverters often reflect the highest ongoing maintenance costs of PV systems due to the complexity of the electronic componentry, software, and thermal management. The Solar Program is actively engaged in pursuing ways to reduce overall system levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and improve reliability through improved inverters. The Solar Program has conducted two multi-day workshops with participants from industry, academia, and the laboratories, employing a systems-driven approach to identify and prioritize technical improvement opportunities (TIOs) for future-generation inverters in PV systems. Over the time frame of this Multi-Year Program Plan, as PV grows further into mainstream markets, inverters will likely become more intricate system command, control, and communications devices. The rest of the balance of systems (BOS) includes mounting hardware, wiring and cable housing, disconnects, fuses, and all other non-module or inverter parts of the PV system. Through improved design and full system integration from the module to the output, opportunities exist to standardize and reduce the complexity and cost of other BOS components, with the added benefit of reducing installation costs and improving overall system performance and reliability. Systems engineering and integration involves the combining of PV components into an optimized and functional system. For the most part, the integration is currently done on-site during an installation. In terms of the activities and costs involved, this includes design and engineering, site preparation, installation, permitting and interconnects, inspection, and commissioning. This is a very important component of the overall system price. Using SDA analyses, new approaches such as standardized designs, factory integration of systems, new building-integrated concepts, and improved interchangeability of components are being developed to streamline much of these integral costs. These modified designs will be significant advances over the reference systems (discussed below) in the target market sectors, and the resultant cost and performance improvements will cut across all TIOs. 3.1.2 PV Subprogram History / Background The development of terrestrial PV began in response to the oil crises of the early 1970s. The Solar Program, funded through DOE since 1977, has been instrumental in discovering new materials, devices, and fabrication approaches, improving device and module efficiencies and reliability, and lowering module and system costs. Among the key advances resulting from the research are the discovery of innovative silicon sheet or ribbon growth approaches, aimed 30PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
PDF Search Title:
Solar Energy Technologies ProgramOriginal File Name Searched:
set_myp_2007_2011_proof_1.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)