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The overall direction of the DOE PV Subprogram has shifted periodically as a result of the research advances (and some failures) and the investments and research needs of the private sector. The first decade of research (1975–1984) focused mainly on c-Si technology, from feedstock to modules, and applications development. From the many approaches for silicon ribbon growth, edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) emerged as a leading contender. This technology and the String RibbonTM approach, developed in the mid-1980s, are the current leaders in commercial ribbon production and are both U.S.-based. The PV Design Assistance Center was developed during this period to assist adopters of new terrestrial PV systems in design and applications. In addition, modeling tools were developed, such as PVFORM, to help these early adopters both size their systems and determine the overall energy production potential. The next decade of research (1985–1994) resulted in several thin-film technologies showing significant promise, with three technologies demonstrating greater than 10% efficiency in the laboratory. The leading contenders became hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), copper indium diselenide, and cadmium telluride. Initial successes in high-efficiency c-Si and III-V multijunctions were also made during this period. The first commercial thin-film modules (mostly a-Si:H) were made during this period. Manufacturing R&D for modules—and later, for all system components—became a major government/industry partnership initiative in 1990. As the industry grew and matured over this period, the PV Subprogram led the development of key codes and standards for PV systems in several applications, and held regular industry workshops on systems performance and reliability. This was also a period of program technical support and oversight of large, early deployment efforts, such as “PV for Utility-Scale Applications” (PVUSA), to show the technical feasibility of PV systems. The most recent decade was highlighted with continuing increases in laboratory thin-film efficiencies (19.5% in CIS and 16.5% in CdTe), as well as significant increases in multijunction III-V efficiencies resulting from the DOE High- Performance PV project initiated in 2001. The current record is 39% at 236-suns concentration. Crystalline-silicon production, driven mostly by the incentive programs overseas, has increased significantly. Manufacturing costs have continued to decrease, in great part resulting from the DOE PV Manufacturing R&D program. Thin-film technologies have recently entered the marketplace and are in a period of strong growth, which highlights the success of the Solar Program’s Thin-Film PV Partnership project. Developing a multi-parameter performance model, which contains more than 170 fully characterized commercial PV modules, has dramatically improved the ability of designers and integrators to predict energy production. This period has also seen growth of building-integrated PV components and systems, improved inverters through the High-Reliability Inverter Initiative, and technical assistance to important domestic partners such as the states, the Federal Energy Management Program, and several international partners, as well. The Solar Program has also engaged in significant barrier removal by developing installer certification programs, hardware certification specifications, and interconnection standards. Critical to the success of PV technologies in the marketplace has been DOE’s role in advancing module efficiencies, costs, and reliability; inverter performance, reliability, and cost; and improvements in BOS. The remainder of this document delineates the Solar Program’s role in these critical areas for providing the scientific research and discovery that are the foundations for PV to become energy significant in this century. 3.1.3 PV Strategic and Performance Goals The following goals and objectives are planned for five-year 2007–2011 period and are based on the long-term goal that PV will be market-competitive with fossil-fuel-generated electricity within a 15-year time frame (2020). Long-Term Goals From the beginning of the PV Subprogram in the 1970s through the mid-1990s, one of the long-term visions was to be competitive in central-generation applications. These central-generation calculations were the original source of the PV Subprogram’s historical “6 ¢/kWh” target. More recently, with rapidly expanding residential and commercial markets 3 Refer to Fig. 1.1-1, PV Cost and Manufacturing Trends. 32PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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