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• 8%-efficient a-Si module that can be produced at a direct manufacturing cost of $90/m2 ($1.15/Wp) • 25%-efficient concentrator module that can be integrated into a fully installed system at a systems level price of $250/m2 ($3.00/Wp) • 95%-efficient inverter that has a 10-year lifetime • Systems manufacturing and integration techniques and tools to achieve levelized energy cost targets in the utility ($0.10–$0.15/kWh), commercial ($0.09–$0.12/kWh), and residential ($0.13–$0.18/kWh) sectors. 3.1.4 PV Approach The primary R&D pathways in the PV Subprogram are aimed at increasing performance, reducing costs, and enhancing reliability of fielded PV systems in all markets serviced by the technology, with an emphasis on residential, commercial, and utility markets. To develop higher-performing, lower-cost, higher-reliability PV components and systems, the PV Subprogram partners with industry and universities in a Stage Gate process (see Sec. 2.4) of R&D phases: 1. Preliminary Investigation—This area in the PV Subprogram has historically been dominated by R&D in novel PV absorber materials and cell structures. Significant effort in this area has targeted building, maintaining, and expanding the science base and fundamental understanding of materials and device physics for optimum PV performance. In the future, Stage 1 will apply to all new concepts within the PV Subprogram, from absorbers and cells to modules, inverters, and BOS, all the way through novel system integration concepts. 2. Detailed Investigation—Upon proof of concept in Stage 1, the PV Subprogram engages university and industry partners to expand the knowledge base of a new material/device/component/system to ensure that there is commercial interest and that the concept addresses a viable market need. 3. Development—Second-generation prototypes are developed and industry is supported in the development of pilot manufacturing processes. 4. Testing and Validation—This stage involves engaging industrial partners with full-scale manufacturing to field commercially viable products and to continue to implement R&D progress into manufacturing lines to reduce the timeline for program-supported R&D to reach products in the marketplace, as well as to implement the improvements necessary to reach the Solar Program’s PV LCOE targets. In moving from one phase to the next, progress is evaluated, compared to strategic goals and performance targets, and a decision is made regarding moving on to the next phase of effort, discontinuing the effort, or redirecting the work to a new direction dictated by the results. R&D is generally managed in the PV Subprogram at the component level, with appropriate activities targeted to optimizing systems integration. Specifically, module research in the PV Subprogram focuses on improving absorber materials and device structures to enhance cell and module performance, as well as discovering new materials that will constitute next-generation PV technologies. Materials R&D is also conducted to reduce costs and improve reliability of fielded modules. Additionally, the PV Subprogram supports work on novel material concepts that will form the basis of the next generation of PV technologies. Numerous manufacturing R&D partnerships are maintained by the PV Subprogram to facilitate and accelerate the implementation of R&D progress into module manufacturing lines, while reducing the cost per square meter required to produce high-performing, reliable modules. Inverter R&D improves the DC-to-AC conversion efficiency, while improving inverter reliability and lifetime. Inverter software R&D is also explored to improve the PV array utilization under a variety of illumination and thermal conditions (e.g., maximum power-point tracking). Further inverter and BOS R&D focuses on integrating system control, diagnostic, and communications features, to better position PV as a source of distributed generation in a variety of applications. The PV Subprogram also provides industry support in the areas of BOS design and specification, as well as overall systems integration and installation. These activities include assessing fielded systems, troubleshooting, and benchmarking performance and reliability. 34PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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