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PV Systems Fig. 3.1.6-4. Crystalline-silicon Tier 2 TIO contributions to 2011 target cost reductions. As discussed above, TIOs were defined across the different components within the reference systems, all geared toward reducing the LCOE of these systems and thereby increasing opportunities for PV in these markets. The following charts and discussion show the cumulative merits of addressing these TIOs at the system level. These results have been obtained using the SAM and are intended to show relative impacts of technology improvements—more so than absolute numbers. In the module discussion above, different PV module technologies were assessed in various commercial configurations. In contrast, all the system-level analyses below were made based only on the 2005 reference systems, which use c-Si technology. For each of the figures that follow (Figs. 3.1.6-5 through 3.1.6-9), each component’s contribution to LCOE (as determined by SAM) is shown for a given reference system. The 2005 value is based on extensive benchmarking activities within the Solar Program, through which component and system-level parameters related to performance, cost, and reliability were determined from families of fielded systems. The 2011 values are based on projections of current trends in each technology area and verified through expert consensus. Values for 2020 come from the prior versions of the Solar Program Multi-Year Technical Plan and the latest Solar Energy Industries Association’s PV industry roadmap.10 These benchmarks and projections are summarized in Tables 3.1.6-2 to 3.1.6-6. A near-term decision point is planned to determine the most effective R&D portfolio for meeting the 2011 projections. Decision points are given in Sec. 3.1.9. The component LCOE contributions in the following figures are broken into six categories—modules, inverter, BOS, installation, other costs, and O&M—with the addition of storage in the off-grid island case. BOS includes all hardware beyond the modules and inverters, including frames, fuses and disconnects, cables, and combiner boxes. Installation includes related labor and equipment costs to conduct the on-site installation. Other costs include design, engineering, 10 Our Solar Energy Future: The U.S. Photovoltaic Industry Roadmap Through 2030 and Beyond, NREL/BR-520-36283, (2004). 41PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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