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44 PV System Metrics: Installed Cost vs. Levelized Cost of Energy Applying DOE’s systems-driven approach has led to identifying market-based metrics and targets for PV systems related to the “levelized cost of energy” (LCOE). In the past, when the dominant market for PV was remote applications, potential buyers (e.g., remote homeowners, telecommunications companies) would compare the installed cost of a PV system to other options, such as the cost of extending the electric grid. However, as PV plays a greater role in mainstream markets, the market-based comparison needed is between the cost or value of the energy produced by PV systems and the cost of alternatives. Thus, given that electricity costs in the residential, commercial, and utility markets are based on cents per kilowatt-hour (¢/kWh) delivered, the same “performance- based” metric must be used for PV systems. The LCOE of a PV system takes into account the installed cost of the system; all operation and maintenance (O&M) costs over the system lifetime, including replacements; and any related financial parameters and assumptions, such as loans, inflation, and discount rates. For many years, utility planners have determined LCOE from such parameters. Although the data requirements to determine LCOE are more rigorous than installed cost, the Solar Program is continually improving these LCOE estimates and projections with data obtained from partners and fielded systems. The figures to the left looks at crystalline-silicon module technology and shows the component percentages of the total installed and levelized costs for the 2005 commercial reference system. A key conclusion is that achieving levelized cost targets depends on improving the entire system, rather than just one or two specific components. Note that O&M is not part of the installed cost of a system, so it is not shown in the upper plot. However, O&M is an important element in the overall LCOE of the system (lower plot). Fig. 3.1.6-6 Component contributions to LCOE for c-Si commercial reference system – shown for 2005 benchmark and 2011/2020 projections.PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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