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Codes and Standards: R&D Community and Industry Working Together Standards organizations such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL) rely on industry input and new product results from R&D, benchmarking, and hardware analysis to keep safety standards up to date. An example of one change pertinent to the PV industry is the use of blocking (series) diodes with multiple-string PV systems. The PV industry used to use blocking diodes in each string of a PV array to block back-fed fault currents from the other parallel strings. The use of blocking diodes has been discontinued because they represent a serious reliability shortcoming. The result is that the National Electrical Code (NEC), currently written to allow blocking diodes, may require the use of huge cables if the blocking diodes are not used because multiple-string back-fed fault currents are probable. The alternative is ground-fault detection/ interruption (GFDI) devices. The requirements for GFDI devices must be added to the 2008 NEC and to existing UL listing standards and related domestic and international systems standards. including residential, commercial, industrial/utility, rural and off-grid, and international. The relevant metric for these activities is market size or volume, rather than the more directly measurable technical metrics defined for the other TIO areas. The Solar Program meets these deployment facilitation opportunities in a variety of ways. For example, DOE’s Million Solar Roofs (MSR) Initiative is a public/private technology deployment partnership aimed to overcome barriers to market entry for solar technologies and to facilitate the installation of residential, commercial, and industrial systems. Another example is DOE’s Solar Decathlon, which brings college and university teams from around the world to compete in designing and building houses that demonstrate the benefits of solar technologies. International partnerships also play a role in deployment facilitation because the majority of domestically produced solar products are currently shipped overseas, and international solar markets will continue to grow in the foreseeable future. Therefore, knowledge and information from solar activities outside of the United States provide business opportunities to U.S. solar companies in developed markets, such as Japan and Europe, and in developing markets as well, such as Spain, India, and China. The Solar Program also supports the International Energy Agency (IEA), specifically through the IEA Photovoltaic Power System Implementing Agreement. Activities include technical assistance, demonstration of the technical feasibility of new technologies and applications, training, development and promotion of norms and standards, and fostering business development, such as facilitation of joint-venture agreements between foreign and U.S. companies. 50 To facilitate continued market growth, it is of great importance to develop appropriate and reasonable codes, standards, and certification programs. The Solar Program focuses support on collaborative efforts with standards organizations, including the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA for the National Electrical Code [NEC]), the Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), Underwriters Laboratories, and the International Electrotechnical Commission. Specific opportunities that will develop during the time frame of this plan include improved utility interconnection standards that include communications and controls for grid stabilization, a standardized communications protocol for inverters and system controllers, hardware certifications to improve consumer confidence and ultimately help define future TIOs, and standardized practices for certification of PV system designers and practitioners, assuring up-to-date knowledge on advances in technology, safety, or interconnect practices. 3.1.8 PV Technical Tasks The PV Subprogram, as indicated in the Annual Operating Plan for FY 2005, covers a diverse set of activities that span the range of TIOs. TIO improvements often rely on the extensive laboratory and field measurement activities that accurately assess and characterize the performance of systems and components. During the period of this plan, periodic progress assessments and portfolio reviews will be held to ensure that, within available budgets, the PV Subprogram portfolio is balanced in a manner most likely to result in achieving the Solar Program 2011 targets. Upon conductingPDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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