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side. Pumped hydro systems, depending on design, operate at between 76 and 85 percent efficiency and have the greatest capacity storage because they are only limited by the amount of water that can be held by the reservoir. For small scale pumped hydro systems, holding sufficient water for six to ten hours of operation, installation costs are $2,500 or more per kilowatt of energy produced. However, because of the cost of implementation, energy storage systems have not proven to be cost effective compared to simply using other renewable energy possibilities in combination with wind. Wind-Diesel Hybrid Systems The most common method to balance out the level of instability involved with wind power generation is to use it with existing diesel generators. Using wind energy as a “boost” on the generator reduces the amount of energy needed directly from the generator (called its “base load”), but still uses it to compensate for unsteady wind energy. The degree to which wind energy is responsible for the total energy production is called its “penetration.” Low penetration systems receive less than 20 percent of their output from wind, 50 percent of total energy coming from wind constitutes medium penetration, and high penetration systems are those where a majority of the electricity produced comes from wind generation. Wind Use Examples Among the most notable work in wind energy development in the world has been done by the Alaska Village Electric Cooperative (AVEC), which serves 54 villages in interior and western Alaska. In response to constantly rising fuel costs for its diesel generation plants, AVEC began developing wind-diesel generation facilities and now has wind turbines installed in 12 rural villages with interties to five more communities. Currently, AVEC owns and operates 34 wind turbines in these communities totaling 3,394 kW of capacity. Key to the development of wind infrastructure was AVEC’s work Wind turbines in Quinhagak Photo by the Author Sustainable Energy Opportunities: Best Practices for Alaska Tribes Page 25PDF Image | Sustainable Energy Opportunities: Best Practices for Alaska Tribes
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