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Figure 4 ORC market evolution (data source : Enertime, 2009) Figure 5 also shows that the ORC is a mature technology for waste heat recovery, biomass CHP and geothermy but is still very uncommon for solar applications. Moreover, as stated in Table 1, those technologies are mainly developed in the MW power range and very few ORC plants are available in the KW power range. 4. SELECTION OF THE WORKING FLUID The choice of the working fluid for a given application is a key-issue and has been treated in numerous studies. Some general relevant characteristics can be extracted from those studies: 1. Thermodynamic performance: the efficiency and/or output power should be as high as possible for the given heat source and heat sink temperatures. This generally involves low pump consumption and high critical point. 2. Positive or isentropic saturation vapor curve. A negative saturation vapor curve (“Wet” fluid) leads to droplets at the end of the expansion (Quoilin, 2007). The vapor must therefore be superheated at the turbine inlet in order to avoid turbine damages, which decreases cycle performance (Yamamoto et al., 2001). In the case of positive saturation vapor curve (“Dry” fluid), a recuperator can be used in order to increase cycle efficiency. 3. High vapor density: this parameter is of key importance, especially for fluids showing a very low condensing pressure (e.g. silicon oils). A low density leads to very large equipments at the expander and condenser level. 4. Acceptable pressures: as already stated with water, high pressures usually lead to higher investment costs and increasing complexity. 5. High stability temperature: unlike with water, organic fluids usually suffer from chemical deteriorations and decomposition at high temperatures. The maximum heat source temperature is therefore limited by the chemical stability of the working fluid. 6. Low environmental impact and high safety level: the main parameters to take into account are the Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP), the Greenhouse Warming Potential (GWP), the toxicity and the flammability. 7. Good availability and low cost Some of the main representative papers dealing with the selection of the working fluid for ORC applications are given in Table 2. Fluids are typically compared by fixing the evaporating and condensing temperatures (with respects to the nature of the heat source and sink). Figure 5 Share of each application in the ORC marketPDF Image | Technological and Economical Survey of Organic Rankine Cycle Systems
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