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Table 2 Summary of different comparisons of working fluids Author(s) Maizza and Maizza (2001) El Chammas and Clodic (2005) Hettiarachchia et al. (2007) Hettiarachchia et al. (2007) Borsukiewicz- Gozdur and Nowak (2007) Application n/a ICE Geothermal Geothermal Geothermal Cond. Temp. 35– 60°C 55°C (100°C for water) 30°C* 30°C* 25°C Evap. Temp. 80-110 60 - 150°C (150 – 260°C for water) 70 – 90°C 70 – 90°C 80 – 115°C Considered fluids Unconventional working fluids Water, R123, isopentane, R245ca, R245fa, butane, isobutene and R-152a Ammonia, n- Pentane, R123, PF5050 Ammonia, n- Pentane, R123, PF5050 propylene, R227ea, RC318, R236fa, ibutane, R245fa Recommended fluids (in terms of efficiency and/or power) R123, R124 Water, R245-ca and isopentane Ammonia Ammonia Propylene, R227ea, R245fa Saleh et al. Geothermal 30°C 100°C alkanes, fluorinated alkanes, ethers and fluorinated ethers RE134, RE245, R600, R245fa, R245ca, R601 Liu et al. (2004) Waste heat recovery 30°C 150 – 200°C R123, iso-pentane, HFE7100, Benzene Toluene, p-xylene Benzene, Toluene, R123 Drescher and Bruggemann (2007) Biomass CHP 90°C * 250 - 350°C* ButylBenzene, Propylbenzene, Ethylbenzene, Toluene, OMTS AlkylBenzenes Lemort et al. (2007) Waste heat recovery 35°C 60 – 100°C R245fa, R123, R134a, n-pentane R123, n-pentane Lemort et al. (2007) Waste heat recovery 35°C 60 – 100°C R245fa, R123, R134a, n-pentane R123, n-pentane Fankam et al. (2009) Solar 35°C 60 – 100°C Refrigerants R152a, R600, R290 * Max/min temperature of the heat source/sink instead of evaporating or condensing temperature For the particular case of ICE heat recovery applications, the selection of the working fluid is strongly correlated to the choice of the heat source(s). Honda (Endo et al., 2007) selected water as the working fluid of their prototype of Rankine cycle system. The prototype developed by BMW (Freymann et al., 2008) is based on two cycles: the first recovers heat from the exhaust gas and uses water and the second is associated to the cooling circuit and uses ethanol. The system proposed by Cummins (Nelson, 2008) recovers heat from both the exhaust gas and the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and used R245fa.PDF Image | Technological and Economical Survey of Organic Rankine Cycle Systems
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