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4.1. Temperature profile The temperature profiles of the heat source and of the heat sink are an essential parameter to take into account when optimizing the performance of an ORC. This is illustrated hereunder on the basis of a simplified simulation model of an ORC, built on the following assumptions: - Turbine efficiency εs ,exp = ( hsu ,exp − hex ,exp ) ( hsu ,exp − hex ,exp,s ) is set to 0.75 - Pumpefficiency ε =v⋅(P −P ) (h −h s,pp ex,pp su,pp ex,pp su,pp ) issetto0.80 - Temperature pinch points are set to 10 K at both the condenser and the evaporator. - The heat source and heat sink temperature profiles are evaluated by the temperature differences between supply and exhaust ( ∆Tev = Thf ,su ,ev − Thf ,ex ,ev and ∆Tcd = Tcf ,ex ,cd − Tcf ,su ,cd ). For the purpose of the modeling, a heat source consisting of hot air at a temperature of 130°C and characterized by a flow rate of 15 kg/s is defined. The heat sink is also assumed to be air, whose supply temperature is 10°C, and flow rate is adapted to maintain the imposed temperature pinch point. The considered working fluid is R245fa. The superheating at the evaporator exhaust is set to 10K, and the subcooling at the condenser exhaust is set to 5K. Figure 6 shows the T-s diagram of the cycle in three different cases: Case A corresponds to a small temperature glide in the evaporator, with a recuperator in the cycle, which is typical of a CHP, or solar plant. Case B corresponds to a high temperature glide in the evaporator, without recuperator, which is typical of waster heat recovery application. Case C corresponds to a high temperature glide, but using a recuperator. In case A, the heat capacity flow rate in the heat exchangers is high. This allows high and low evaporating and condensing pressures respectively. Increasing the pressure ratio leads to a higher efficiency. Case B is typical of a waste heat recovery ORC: the temperature glide of the heat source is very important, since the goal is to recover as much heat as possible from the heat stream. The pinch point limitation leads to a lower evaporating pressure and thus to a lower cycle efficiency (7.8% instead of 12.5%), but the amount of heat recovered is higher and the output power is increased (71 KW instead of 28 KW). This limitation highlights the necessity of a pinch point analysis for a given application. In general, in heat recovery applications, the objective will be to maximize the output power rather than the efficiency. In contrary, in solar or biomass applications, the heat source can be almost constant and maximizing the output power is therefore similar to maximizing the efficiency, ABC Figure 6 T-s diagram of the cycle with superposition of the secondary fluids temperature profiles For the same reason, the benefits of a recuperator in the cycle will depend on the considered application. - Recuperator effectiveness is set to 0.8PDF Image | Technological and Economical Survey of Organic Rankine Cycle Systems
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