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6. CONCLUSIONS A review of ORC applications has been carried out, with a special focus on the temperature levels and on the specificities of each application. The main manufacturers are listed, describing their activity field, the main technological characteristics of their ORC solutions, and their power range. Concurrent technologies of the ORC include gasification and the water steam power cycle. Advantages and drawbacks of each technology were described. The ORC market is growing exponentially since the beginning of the 80’s, mainly in the fields of biomass CHP, geothermal energy and waste heat recovery. The compilation of the available market data shows that actual plants size is mainly limited to the MW scale. The review of the working fluids pointed out the most widely used working fluids, i.e. R134a, R245fa, n- pentane and silicon oils. The thermodynamic study showed that each fluid is characterized by an optimal temperature range in terms of cycle efficiency and density. In general, the higher the critical point, the higher the optimal temperature range. Expanders are a key issue in ORC’s. Positive displacement machines are preferably used for small-scale applications. At the present time, most of the employed positive displacement expanders are obtained by modifying existing compressors. Turbomachines are mainly designed for larger-scale applications and show a higher degree of technical maturity. 7. REFERENCES Aoun, B., and D. Clodic. 2008. Theoretical and experimental study of an oil-free scroll type vapor expander, Proceedings of the International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue: paper 1188. ASHRAE. 2008. ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Systems and Equipment, Chapter 42. Borsukiewicz-Gozdur, A., W. Nowak. 2007. Comparative analysis of natural and synthetic refrigerants in application to low temperature Clausius-Rankine cycle. Energy (32): 344-352. Canada, S., G. Cohen, R. Cable, D. Brosseau, H. Price. 2004. Parabolic trough organic rankine cycle solar power plant, NREL/CP-550-37077, In: The 2004 DOE Solar Energy Technologies, Denver, USA. David Citrin, Power Generation from Cement plant waste heat (Powerpoint presentation), ORMAT International Inc, CII – Green Cementech 2005 Colonna, P. N.R. Nannan, A. Guardone and E.W. Lemmon, Multiparameter equations of state for selected siloxanes. 2006. Fluid Phase Equilib. (244). Doyle, E.F., and P.S. Patel. 1976. Compounding the truck diesel engine with an organic rankine cycle system. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 760343. Drescher, U., and D. Bruggemann. 2007. Fluid selection for the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) in biomass power and heat plants. Applied Thermal Engineering (27): 223-228. El Chammas, R. and D. Clodic. 2005. Combined Cycle for Hybrid Vehicles. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 2005-01-1171. Enertime SAS, ORC: Etude du marché, Confidential report, Paris, March 2009 Endo, T., S. Kawajiri, Y. Kojima, K. Takahashi, T. Baba, S. Ibaraki, T. Takahashi and M. Shinohara. 2007. Study on Maximizing Exergy in Automotive Engines. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). 2007- 01-0257. Tahsin Engin & Vedat Ari, Energy auditing and recovery for dry type cement rotary kiln systems––A case study, Energy Conversion and Management 46 (2005) 551–562 Fankam, B. T., G. Papadakis, G. Lambrinos, A. Frangoudakis. 2009. Fluid selection for a low-temperature solar organic Rankine cycle. Applied Thermal Engineering: In Press Freymann, R., W. Strobl and A. Obieglo. 2008. The Turbosteamer: A System Introducing the Principle of Cogeneration in Automotive Applications. MTZ 05/2008 Vol 69: 20-27.PDF Image | Technological and Economical Survey of Organic Rankine Cycle Systems
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