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Direct Uses of Geothermal Resources Many of the wells in Texas are drilled to depths where the temperatures are less than 200°F. In these situations the water production can be reviewed for specific economic applications. Use of the warm to hot water for commercial applications or community space heating is referred to as “Direct Use”. For instance, John et al., (1998) determined the following applications from the Gulf Coast geothermal - geopressure wells: the heating of houses, sulfur extraction, coal desulfurization, chemical processing, extraction of chemicals from brine, water desalination, fish rearing, greenhouse heating, cane sugar processing, lumber drying etc. Absorption chillers use heat instead of mechanical energy to provide cooling. This is another application for using the produced warm to hot water. While most vapor compression chillers require electricity to operate the machine, absorption chillers use heat, typically in the form of steam or hot water. The absorption chiller is designed for large applications such as hospitals, industrial settings, high-rise offices, so this is a direct use for wells that are being drilled within city limits or near a specific end user site. For existing oil and gas fields in rural areas, direct use applications can be added at the surface for increased productivity of all the resources. Direct use applications are commonly done in the western United States. Agencies willing to assist in project development are the USDA, Rural Alliance for Renewable Energy (RARE), and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) - DOE EERE - Geothermal Program. Heavy Oil Extraction The Southwest Texas Heavy Oil Province is the largest heavy oil resource in the Gulf Coast region, primarily located in Zavala, Maverick, Uvalde and Kinney counties. It is found from depths of only 0-3000 feet. Potentially it is the second-largest identified reservoir in the United States (Ewing, 2005). In 1994, Seni and Walter researched the use of geothermal energy to extract heavy oil in South Texas. To determine how much of the resource was left, they compared the overall sizes and extraction rates of different reservoirs. Thus “medium- and heavy oil reservoirs constitute 10 % of the large oil reservoirs in Texas, their cumulative production represents only 8.4 % of the production from the large oil reservoirs. The 1.6 % difference is a result of the lower average productivity and is equivalent to a difference of 629 MMbbls (1.0 x l08 m3) (or 1.6 % x total cumulative production of large reservoirs in Texas).” This is one resource target still available for production in conjunction with geothermal energy development. 54PDF Image | Texas Geothermal Assessment for the I35 Corridor East
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