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THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF TURBOMACHINERY 285 Figure 6. Fourneyron’s Hydraulic Turbine-Radial Outflow Design with Inlet Guide Vanes. (Garnett, 1906) Figure 8. Francis Type Hydraulic Turbine. (Burstall, 1963) exploits the total conversion of head into kinetic energy in an efficient nozzle. The resulting high-speed jet is directed into a split bucket fastened around the rim of the wheel. In an ideal case, the water would leave with no relative velocity and the turbine peripheral velocity should be about 50 percent of the water jet. Prior to the introduction of Pelton wheels, there were several inefficient wheels in use known as “hurdy-gurdy” wheels. Lester Pelton started experimenting with water wheels in 1878 and had read Francis’ Lowell Hydraulic Experiments. Pelton conducted his experiments using a prony brake and a Francis type weir. He claims to have tested over 30 to 40 bucket designs and finally noticed that a curved bucket having a jet strike at the side instead of the center (which was the normal practice at that time) provided a big boost in power and efficiency. This approach however produced an end thrust on the bearing and, after experimenting with alternate side buckets, Pelton realized that one bucket could be constructed to split the water flow. He patented his wheel in 1880. Today the Pelton wheel design with hydrodynamically correct ellipsoidal buckets can produce efficiencies of 90 percent and are widely used in industry. An early Pelton wheel is shown in Figure 9. In this wheel, the two disks can move axially on the shaft and are normally held together by springs. As the speed increased, an elegant centrifugal weight mechanism caused the disks to be forced apart, thus causing the jet to be directed into the tailrace. This mechanism allowed accurate speed control. Hydraulic Turbine Development in the 1900s As the size of hydraulic turbines increased and their application for large power plants became more common, the need for high efficiency, reliability, and better speed control became an imperative. Several approaches were tried, such as the use of multiple reaction wheels on the same shaft, but the resulting complexity and reliability problems caused designs to revert to large simple reaction turbines that were necessarily low speed. The availability of the following studies and concepts in the late 1800s allowed the rapid scaling up of hydraulic machinery and the application of data from scale models to full scale turbines: • Osborne Reynold’s work on dynamic similarity and on the transition between laminar and turbulent flow published in 1883. • Lord Rayleigh’s classic work in developing dimensional analysis in 1892. Figure 7. Prony Brake (1822) That Allowed the Scientific Testing of Turbomachines. Development of the Pelton Impulse Turbine While the development of the impulse Pelton wheel has the name of Lester G. Pelton associated with it, in reality it was probably co-invented by several others who had similar ideas at about the same time. The Pelton wheel is a pure impulse wheel andPDF Image | THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF TURBOMACHINERY
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