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288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 29TH TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM compound turbine designed by Parsons is shown in Figure 17. A photograph of blade details is shown in Figure 18. Figure 16. Sectional View of First Parsons Axial Steam Turbine Rated at 10 HP, 18,000 RPM. (Parsons, 1926) Figure 15. Longitudinal Section and Plan View of De Laval Steam Turbine Including Double Helical Reduction Gearing. (French, 1908) Messrs. Kitson and Company to continue his torpedo investi- gations. In 1884, Parsons joined Clarke Chapman and Company where he was placed in charge of high-speed generator sets for ship lighting. In 1884, Parsons designed and built his first steam turbine. Rather than utilizing the single-stage impulse design, he chose to follow the multistage reaction turbine route. Parsons cited the following reasons for his decision: • Lower speeds—which would give his turbines a larger market as speed reduction gearboxes would not be needed • Higher efficiencies • Avoidance of steam erosion problems It seems that Parsons was not aware of De Laval’s work with convergent-divergent nozzles or with the theoretical description that was done by Osborne Reynolds. He therefore concentrated on reaction turbines that were focused on the power generation and ship propulsion markets that he wished to penetrate. Parsons steam turbine blades initially used straight (flat) blades but later used curved blades. On his early turbines he used successively larger blades in each stage. His later designs used an increasing drum diameter and multiple compounded turbines in series. The first Parsons Turbine, shown in Figure 16, produced 10 hp at 18,000 rpm. His early machines used brass blades attached to steel disks. Parsons used an ingenious self-centering multiple washer bearing that was later superceded by a concentric tube design. Parsons fully utilized steam condensers, as his low-pressure stages could extract energy very effectively with small pressure differentials. Over 300 marine turbogenerators were sold by Parsons before he dissolved his partnership with Clarke Chapman in 1889 in a dispute that resulted in Parsons not being allowed to market his own reaction turbine. Therefore, after founding C. A. Parsons and Company, he worked on a compound radial outflow turbine that he patented. A radial flow Figure 17. Parsons’ Radial Flow Compound Turbine. (Kennedy, 1910) Figure 18. Blade Details of Parsons’ Radial Flow Turbine. After considerable difficulty, Parsons finally got the power industry to buy into his steam turbine turbogenerator designs and soon his turbines started to displace reciprocating engines at central stations. In 1893, he repurchased his original patents and again offered his multistage axial reaction design. Soon his multistage designs were producing 25,000 kW and became the norm for central power stations all over the world. By 1923 Parsons had installed a set up to 50,000 kW. A 600 hp Parsons multistage turbine is shown in Figure 19, and a Parsons turboalternator is shown in Figure 20. Parsons Contribution to Naval Propulsion Sir Charles Parsons revolutionized the Naval propulsion market making the steam turbine the world standard. In 1893, he began work on a small turbine-powered demonstration ship called the Turbinia. This small 100 ft long ship displaced 44 tons and had a single radial outflow turbine engine turning a single screw. After recovering his axial flow turbine patents, Parsons re-engined the ship with a three-stage axial flow design. The engine developed 2300 hp and allowed the Turbinia to attain a speed of 34 knots.PDF Image | THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF TURBOMACHINERY
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