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290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 29TH TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM • Allis-Chalmers, after trying several domestic designs, took out a Parsons license in 1905. • Escher Wyss and Company undertook the design of their chief engineer, Zoelly, that was essentially similar to the Rateau design. The Zoelly turbine was also, in turn, licensed to Krupps and Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg (MAN). • Orliken of Switzerland acquired the Rateau license. • The Czech Skoda works evolved their own turbine design from the Rateau design. • Brown Boveri, which was founded in 1892, began development of a Parsons’ based turbine. • Thysen in Germany produced a turbine, which included both Parsons and Curtis features. • Fraser and Chalmers (an affiliate of GE USA) produced a Curtis type machine. • British Westinghouse Electric first built Parsons turbines but later, on becoming Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company, turned to the Rateau design. • English Electric Company manufactured a Rateau-Curtis design. • British Thompson-Houston (BTH) produced Curtis turbines. Ongoing Evolution of Steam Turbines In the century after the introduction of the steam turbine, there was significant evolution in inlet steam pressures and temperatures. According to Bannister and Silvestri (1989), from 1900 to 1950, inlet steam pressure and temperatures increased on average 43 psi and 13°F per year. During the 1930s, higher temperatures and pressures made a 3600 rpm (60 Hz) machine more attractive. There were several modifications made to the fundamental Rankine steam turbine cycle. In 1876, Weir patented a regenerative feedwater heating cycle in which a small portion of the steam was used to externally heat the water to its boiling point prior to introduction to the boiler. The reheat cycle added further efficiency benefits. The widespread adoption of reheat in the early 1950s resulted in a rapid increase in throttle pressure from 1450 to 2400 psig. Throttle and reheat temperatures were 1000/1000°F or 1050/1050°F. Double reheat units introduced later caused an even greater rise in efficiency. Most of these double reheat units had throttle steam conditions of 3500 psig, 1000/1000°F. Philadelphia Electric Company’s supercritical Eddystone 1 unit operated at 5000 psig/1200°F conditions. The steam turbine did not experience any problems but because of problems in the boiler and superheater, conditions were derated to 4800 psi/1130°F. COMPRESSOR DEVELOPMENTS Turbocompressors co-evolved with steam turbines and several of the famous names associated with steam turbine technology also worked on blowers and compressors. Rotary Positive Displacement Roots Blower Rotary displacement compressors were widely used in the last part of the nineteenth century and the most famous was the Roots Blower. Constant (1980) reports on the development of the Roots Blower. In the middle of the nineteenth century, P. H. Roots and F. M. Roots, of Connersville, Indiana, owned a textile mill and needed a water turbine to drive the lineshafts by the fall of water from a canal. As a satisfactory water turbine was not available at that time, F. M. Roots designed and built a two-impeller device with a sheet-metal case and with wooden impellers. When this device was tried as a water turbine, swelling of the wood caused the turbine to jam. After considerable scraping of the wooden wheels, the device was connected to the lineshaft for a test. A local foundryman who was curious about the new machine looked into the top and his hat blew off, at which time he announced that this would make a better blower than a turbine. This reportedly was the birth of the Roots Blower in 1859. An early Roots blower used for mine ventilation is shown in Figure 24. Figure 24. Early Roots Blower Used for Mine Ventilation. (Early Roots Brochure, Undated) The Roots brothers were clever practical engineers but were not aware of the latest developments that were occurring in Europe. The Roots blower became the best device available for lower pressure operation and attained efficiencies of 35 to 40 percent. Initially it was also troubled by lubrication and sealing problems and thermal distortion. Figure 25 shows an early Roots hand blower. Figure 25. Early Roots Hand Blowers. (Early Roots Brochure, Undated) Centrifugal Turbocompressors The credit for the invention of the centrifugal impeller goes to Denis Papin in 1689. Euler’s classic presentation in 1754 on an idealized theoretical application of Newton’s Law to centrifugal impellers (now known as the Euler Equation) initially did much to help the development of hydraulic machinery, but did not initially influence centrifugal compressor development. Most of the early centrifugal compressor designs did not employ diffusers and were used mostly for low head and pressure ratio applications with efficiencies in the 45 to 65 percent range, with the compressors being driven by steam engines. Reynolds patented a vaned diffuser in 1875 (Engeda, 1998). Rateau in France was a major contributor to the design of centrifugal blowers and compressors. In addition to developing the compressor itself, he published on the theory of turbocompressorsPDF Image | THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF TURBOMACHINERY
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