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THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF TURBOMACHINERY 301 Figure 53. Von Ohain’s Prototype Turbojet Built in 1934. (Bentele, 1991) Turbojet Engine Development Work at Heinkel In February 1936, Pohl wrote to Heinkel and as a result, the 25- year-old von Ohain was summoned to Heinkel’s house on the Baltic Coast. Ohain met with the leading engineers at Heinkel and after a grueling one-day interview, in which he skillfully addressed all questions, succeeded in convincing Heinkel to hire him. Part of the reason for Heinkel hiring von Ohain was to prevent him from going to his arch rival, Messerschmitt. This rivalry continued throughout the war in the race to produce the first jet fighter. An employment contract was issued to von Ohain on April 15, 1936. Ernst Heinkel’s perspective of jet and rocket propulsion work that he sponsored may be found in Heinkel (1956). The HeS 1 Demonstrator Engine Von Ohain and Max Hahn (whom von Ohain insisted be hired) started work under a shroud of secrecy in a special building in Marienehe and were given instructions to develop a jet engine as rapidly as possible with the stipulation from Heinkel that bench tests were to begin within a year. The rather overambitious schedule stipulated by Heinkel forced von Ohain to deviate from his original plan, which was to systematically conduct studies and tests and solve the combustion problems. Recognizing the politics of the situation, von Ohain made the conscious decision that a simple engine run on hydrogen fuel would provide the impetus needed for such a project, quickly demonstrating a tangible running engine to Heinkel and buying him time for systematic combustion investigations. The HeS 1 layout is shown in Figure 54. It consisted of a back-to-back radial compressor and a radial inflow turbine. The rotor diameter was 12 inches and the centrifugal compressor was preceded by an axial entry stage. The hydrogen combustor consisted of a large number of hollow vanes with blunt trailing edges placed within the air duct between the compressor and the radial inflow turbine. Von Ohain’s choice of hydrogen as a fuel was wise, as the combustor performed flawlessly because of the high flame velocity and the wide combustion range of hydrogen. Performance under off-design conditions and transient acceleration and deceleration was excellent. Early one morning in the spring of 1937, the engine was demonstrated to Ernst Heinkel. This event had a major impact on von Ohain’s position at Heinkel. Dr. von Ohain received a permanent contract and was named head of the Heinkel jet Figure 54. HeS 1 Hydrogen Fueled Demonstrator First Run in Spring 1937. (Thrust 250 lb, 10,000 rpm, and rotor diameter 12 inches.) (Meher-Homji, 1999; Courtesy ASME) propulsion development. After this successful engine run, Heinkel pushed hard for a flight engine operating on liquid fuel, which led to the design and development of the HeS 2 engine and finally the HeS 3 engine. Design and Development of the HeS 3A and HeS 3B Turbojets Starting in May 1937, after the running of the HeS 1 engine, work was intensified on the combustor development. By 1938, a combustor with excellent operational characteristics was developed. This combustor used vaporized fuel, but there were difficulties with fuel atomization that had to be overcome. The first HeS 3A was tested in 1938, but did not produce the design thrust required because a small compressor and combustor had been used to reduce the frontal area. The engine was, therefore, completely redesigned resulting in the HeS 3B. This engine increased the mass flow by having a high hub/tip ratio and von Ohain minimized the inlet losses by using an axial inducer stage that, in addition to contributing to an increased pressure ratio, also provided a counter swirl, thus decreasing the inlet relative Mach number and curvature of the inlet blade. The layout of the flight engine is shown in Figure 55. The inlet section of the HeS 3 is shown in Figure 56. The wraparound combustor is shown in Figure 57, and the radial inflow turbine is shown in Figure 58. The engine operated at 13,000 rpm, had a weight of 793 lb, and a frontal area of 7.31 sq ft. Figure 55. Layout of HeS 3B Flight Engine. (Engine speed 13,000 rpm, static thrust 1100 lb.) (Bentele, 1991) The He 178—The World’s First Jet Aircraft The He 178 (Figure 59) was a small shoulder winged airplane having a wing span of 23 ft 7 inches (7.2 m) and a length of 24 ft 6 inches (7.48m). The wings were mostly of wooden construction with a small dihedral angle. Air for the single HeS 3B turbojet wasPDF Image | THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF TURBOMACHINERY
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