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THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF TURBOMACHINERY 305 These blades were manufactured starting with a circular plate of austenitic chrome-moly sheet steel from which a closed end tube was drawn in several stages with intermediate heat treatments. As seen in Figure 66, wall thickness diminished from 0.079 inch (2 mm) at the root to 0.017 inch (0.45 mm) at the blade tip, so as to match the stresses with the prevailing radial temperature profile. The airfoil shape was then induced and finish machining done. Both the first and second turbine stages utilized this construction and contained an insert for the proper distribution of the cooling air and for damping blade vibration. Figure 66. Ingenious Method of Developing Air-Cooled Turbine Blade Starting with a Circular Plate of 25 MM (.98 Inch) Diameter. (Hirth-Moteren Report 1944a, 1944b) Dr. von Ohain had a distinguished career in the US after the war, rising to Chief Scientist at the Aero Propulsion Laboratory. He received the ASME Tom Sawyer Award in June 1990, and was inducted into the National Hall of Fame for Aviation in 1990. Von Ohain and Sir Frank Whittle were awarded the Charles Draper Prize in 1992 for their monumental contributions to aviation. This coveted award is considered the “Nobel Prize” for technology. A photograph of Dr. von Ohain, Sir Frank Whittle, and Dr. Max Bentele is shown in Figure 67. This is the last known photograph of these jet pioneers together and was taken in 1978. THE WORLDS FIRST PRODUCTION TURBOJET No paper on turbomachinery history would be complete without some mention of the world’s first production turbojet, the Junkers Jumo 004, which was the powerplant for the formidable Figure 67. Photograph of Three Jet Engine Pioneers (1978). (Left to right: Sir Frank Whittle, Dr. Hans von Ohain, and Dr. Max Bentele.) (Bentele, 1991) Messerschmitt ME 262 fighter. The development represented a historic achievement for Anselm Franz and his design team at Junkers. Approximately 6000 engines were built at the end of the Second World War in the face of acute shortages and damage to German industry. The Jumo was brought from conceptual design to production in a span of four years. Details of this remarkable engine may be found in Meher-Homji (1996) and Franz (1979). A Junkers Jumo 004 engine is shown in Figure 68. In addition to powering the ME-262 fighter, the Junkers Jumo engines also propelled the world’s first jet bomber, the Arado 234. Figure 68. The Junkers Jumo 004 Engine. (1989 lb static thrust, pressure ratio of 3:1, air flow rate 46 lb/sec, 8700 rpm. Cable pull starter for the 10 hp Riedel starter motor can be seen in the nose cone.) Design and Development of the Junkers Jumo 004 Axial Flow Turbojet From the outset, Anselm Franz made a deliberate decision that his design would not aim at the maximum achievable but would focus on a very conservative goal that had the greatest chance of success. The reason that Franz did not aim high was that he recognized the need for rapid engine development and that failure may have caused Junkers or the Air Ministry to drop the entire program. This choice was the fundamental reason why the Jumo 004 was the first jet engine to reach production.PDF Image | THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF TURBOMACHINERY
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