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Lippmann 5 Case histories In all US geothermal fields, management plans include the re-injection of the heat- depleted fluids. The purpose is to maintain reservoir pressures and resource sustainability, and to avoid polluting surface and near-surface waters. A good re-injection example is that of The Geysers steam-dominated geothermal field of northern California, USA (Fig. 1). The commercial development of this system began in 1960 and The Geysers continues to be the largest field under production. Geothermal steam output and electricity generation grew until the late 1980s (Fig. 3); at that time the “running” capacity was about 1600 MWe (the installed capacity was around 2000 MWe). Because of overdevelopment, lack of natural recharge and low artificial recharge, pressures in the reservoir, and consequently steam output, declined (Stark et al., 2005). FIGURE 3: History of The Geysers field-wide monthly steam production (light line) and water injection (heavy line), 1970-2005. Dashed vertical lines indicate startup dates for the Southeast Geysers Effluent Project (SEGEP) and the Santa Rosa-Geysers Recharge Project (SRGRP) (from Stark et al., 2005). In response to the drop in steam production and low electricity prices, power generation was curtailed and the companies operating the field began looking for source of water to be re-injected into the reservoir. At present there are two pipelines, tens of kilometers long, which carry waters to the field. The waters are pumped uphill, and injected into the fractured reservoir to build up steam pressures. The results have been very positive (Fig. 4). It is estimated that the power generation in this field has increased by 77 MWe because of this artificial fluid recharge (Bertani, 2005) and electricity generation is at a stable level of about 900 MWe (M. Stark, pers. com., November 200PDF Image | CASE HISTORIES OF GEOTHERMAL FIELD MANAGEMENT IN THE USA
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