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430 410 390 370 350 330 310 290 270 250 230 339 Calpine Power Plant Units 13, 16, 18 and NCPA Plants 1 & 2 422 396 367 39MWe 376 337 367 54MWe 313 Exponential 68M 359 We 291 69MWe 270 70MWe 321 251 Lippmann 6 Case histories FIGURE 4: Reinjection effects at The Geysers steam-dominated geothermal field (from Bertani, 2005) In a number of fields [like Coso, California (Fig. 1) and Desert Peak, Nevada (Fig. 2)] step-out wells and deeper wells have been drilled to increase and/or maintain fluid production, and, at the same time, to learn more about the physical and geochemical characteristics of the geothermal resource. The management plans of some geothermal fields that have fluids rich in carbonates and/or silica (e.g. Dixie Valley, Nevada; Fig. 2), include the injection of scale inhibitors into the fluid stream to avoid, or significantly reduce, the precipitation of calcite or silica in wells and surface installations. Without such treatment the productivity and/or injectivity of the wells, the fluid carrying capacity of surface pipelines and the performance of power plant equipment will be negatively affected and strongly impact the operation and sustainability of the project. In the Salton Sea field (Fig. 1) the hot (above 350oC) produced brines are so loaded with salts that they have to be acidified before the spent brines are injected back into the reservoir, otherwise the injectors would be plugged in a very short time. Because of the high heavy metal content in the spent brines, the company operating the field built a zinc-recovery plant. However, because of financial and technical problems the project was abandoned. In several US geothermal areas Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) projects are underway with the goal of creating engineered reservoirs to produce energy from geothermal resources deficient in commercial amounts of water and/or permeability. In some fields (Coso Springs, California, and Desert Peak, Nevada) the permeability of natural fracture networks is being enhanced by hydraulic stimulation, i.e. by injecting fluids into the reservoir at very high pressures. On the other hand, at The Geysers, California, Jul-95 Jan-96 Jul-96 Jan-97 Jul-97 Jan-98 Jul-98 Jan-99 Jul-99 Jan-00 Jul-00 Jan-01 Jul-01 Jan-02 Jul-02 Jan-03 Jul-03 Jan-04 Jul-04 Annual ave. gross generation rate [MWe]PDF Image | CASE HISTORIES OF GEOTHERMAL FIELD MANAGEMENT IN THE USA
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