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Lippmann 7 Case histories large volumes of treated sewage and lake waters are being injected into the fractured reservoir to recharge the system so that more heat can be extracted from the subsurface rock masses. The injection also serves to abate corrosion issues in the NW Geysers field, where the produced steam contains high amounts of non-condensable gases. Even though the smaller, lower-temperature, direct application geothermal projects (i.e. heating of building and greenhouses, district heating, balneology, industrial applications) have not been mentioned, they also need to have a reservoir management plan to avoid the loss of investments. These plans should include numerical studies to estimate the energy capacity of the geothermal reservoir, and predict future changes in fluid temperature, flow rate and chemistry, as well as monitoring programs to record these parameters. With this information one can calculate the commercial lifetime of the venture. In many direct-use projects the spent fluids are not re-injected into the producing reservoir because their low content of salts, a practice that should be discouraged because it may deplete the resources at a rate too fast to recover the cost of the installations. 3. FINAL COMMENTS All geothermal projects including those using the Earth’s heat in direct applications should have a reservoir management program and such plan should be updated periodically on the basis of newly collected data. Otherwise the fluid and heat production capacity of a field might significantly decrease before the end of the installation/plant lifetime, and may even damage the environment, particularly the groundwater resources of the area. If that occurs it is quite possible that the profitability of the project will be lower than initially estimated. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author thanks Patrick Dobson (LBNL) for his useful comments and suggestions. REFERENCES Bertani, B., 2005. World geothermal generation 2001-2005. Geothermics 34, 651-690. Chena Hot Springs, 2006. Website: http://www.yourownpower.com/. GEA, 2006. Geothermal Energy Association – Power plants Webpage. (http://www.geo- energy.org/information/plants.asp). Lund, J.W., Bloomquist, R.G., Boyd, T.L., Renner, J., 2005. The United States of America country update. In: Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2005, 24-29 April 2005, Antalya, Turkey, 19 pp. Stark, M.A., Box, T.W., Jr., Beall, J.J., Goyal, K.P., Pingol, A.S., 2005. The Santa Rosa-Geysers Recharge Project, Geysers Geothermal Field, California. Geothermal Resources Council Transactions 29, 145-150.PDF Image | CASE HISTORIES OF GEOTHERMAL FIELD MANAGEMENT IN THE USA
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