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Rotational Speeds Screw expanders are classified as positive displacement machines and though capable of higher rotational speeds than reciprocating, vane or scroll expanders, their optimum tip speeds are roughly one order of magnitude less than those of turbo machines. Accordingly, in most cases, they can be coupled directly to a standard 3-phase generator, without an intermediate reduction gearbox. This, not only saves in cost but also gives them an approximately 5% efficiency advantage over turbines. In the case of power outputs in the 20-50 kW range, the machines are rather small and 2-pole generators are not generally available. Hence for direct coupling, they are limited to rotational speeds of 1500/1800 rpm. This results in tip speeds of the order of only 8 – 15 m/s. These are low for optimum results. However, efficiency predictions, based on computer simulations and backed by experimental data, indicate that even at these rather unfavorable conditions, adiabatic shaft efficiencies of the order of 70% or more are possible. In the absence of a reduction gearbox, these values are comparable to turbine efficiencies at these low outputs. OPTIMIZING THE CYCLE EFFICIENCY WITH WET EXPANSION Typically, working fluids used or proposed for ORC systems are refrigerants, such as R124 (Chlorotetrafluorethane), R134a (Tetrafluoroethane) or R245fa (1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane), or light hydrocarbons such as isoButane, n-Butane, isoPentane and n-Pentane. As can be seen from the temperature-entropy diagram, shown in Fig 4, a common characteristic of these fluids is that as expansion proceeds, the working fluid entering the expander, initially as dry vapor, leaves it with some degree of superheat. When the expander is a turbine, the working fluid entering it must be in the dry vapor phase in order to maintain a high efficiency and to prevent blade erosion by any entrained mist of droplets. Fig 4 ORC System with Turbine as ExpanderPDF Image | COST EFFECTIVE SMALL SCALE ORC SYSTEMS
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