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However, one of the potential advantages of screw expanders is that they will operate with identical and even improved efficiencies if the working fluid is wet, since the presence of liquid seals the gaps between the rotors and the casing and enhances the lubrication of the meshing screw rotors. In that case, the Rankine cycle may be modified, as shown in Fig 5, to eliminate wasteful superheat at the expander exit and, given limiting brine temperatures, to raise the evaporating temperature. Fig 5 The effect of varying expander inlet dryness fraction Since less heat is required per unit mass flow to only partially evaporate the working fluid, given the same supply of heat, the mass flow rate of the working fluid is thus increased as its wetness at the expander inlet increases. Also, reducing the need for desuperheat after expansion tends to increase the specific enthalpy drop in the expander. Thus, both these effects tend to increase the power output. However, in the absence of superheat at the end of expansion, there is a more general trend for the specific enthalpy drop in expansion to decrease as the initial dryness fraction of the vapor decreases. To determine the optimum condition of the working fluid entering the expander, a large cycle simulation program was used, which has been developed by the authors over a period of many years. The input to this program is limited to defining the heat source mass flow rate, thermal capacity, its allowed temperatures at the inlet to and exit from the boiler and the permitted boiler pinch point value, together with the coolant thermal properties, initial temperature, temperature rise and condenser pinch point. Initial values for the boiler exit temperature and dryness fraction (where applicable) and condensing temperature are then assumed internally and a cycle analysis is then performed taking account of internal pressure losses and pump, fan, expander, generator and motor efficiencies. The resulting power output is then input to MINUIT (7), a standard multivariable minimization routine, which then alters the values of the boiler and condenserPDF Image | COST EFFECTIVE SMALL SCALE ORC SYSTEMS
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