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conditions until the optimum output is obtained. The expander inlet condition, thus derived, is dependent on the working fluid selected and the temperature range of the heating source and coolant but it generally leads to an optimum with an inlet dryness fraction of the order of 0.8- 0.95, depending on the choice of working fluid, the inlet pressure and the condensing temperature. This inlet value corresponds closely to the vapor leaving the expander in the nearly dry saturated condition. The power output and, hence the efficiency of the cycle are then of the order of 3 -10% more than when the fluid enters the expander as dry vapor. Since desuperheating the working fluid needs a larger heat transfer surface than condensing, and increased power output leads to reduced heat rejection, the effect of increasing the expander inlet wetness can lead not only to greater plant output but also, to reduced heat exchanger surface area. From a cost/benefit consideration the ability to operate with wet vapor at the expander inlet clearly improves the economic viability of the system; since the power output is increased while the heat exchanger surface (and cost) is lowered. Thus CAPEX ($/kW) is lowered. LUBRICATION SYSTEM The admission of wet vapor to the expander can also be used to simplify and reduce the cost of the ORC lubrication system by dissolving or otherwise dispersing up to approximately 5% oil by mass in the working fluid inventory (8). The oil is then transported by the working fluid, in the liquid phase through the boiler to enter the expander, where it will lubricate the rotors as the liquid working fluid evaporates during the expansion process. Also, some of the oil enriched, pressurized working fluid leaving the feed pump, prior to entering the boiler, can be distributed to the bearings where frictional heating will evaporate it off to leave sufficient oil to lubricate them. One possible arrangement for this is shown in Fig 6. Fig 6 ORC with process lubricated bearings This arrangement entirely eliminates the need for the separator, oil circulating pump and heat exchanger, needed for an oil flooded expander lubrication system or the even more costly oil storage tank, pump, heat exchanger, shaft seals and timing gear needed for oil free machines.PDF Image | COST EFFECTIVE SMALL SCALE ORC SYSTEMS
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