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This simplification of the lubrication system reduces the total cost of the expander by roughly 80% and thereby results in an even more significant improvement in the CAPEX than that achieved from the gain in power output attributed to wet vapor admission. BOILER DESIGN AND CONTROL It is common practice, in a vapor power plant, to divide the boiler into two sections. In the feed heating first stage, the liquid is heated up to its boiling point. Evaporation follows in the second stage. At the evaporator exit, the vapor so formed is separated from any liquid and passes to the expander, while the residual liquid is returned to the evaporator inlet. Both sections are normally of the shell and tube type. Separation usually takes place in an external vessel, as shown in Fig 7, but it can also be within the main shell of the boiler casing. The normal means of ensuring that only dry vapor flows to the expander is by means of a float control valve, the rise and fall of which generates a signal either to open or close a bypass valve that recirculates some of the liquid leaving the feed pump back to the pump inlet, or to vary the feed pump speed. When the vapor leaving the boiler is wet, a simpler arrangement would be to use a single pass system, in which cold liquid enters at one end and leaves with the desired degree of wetness at the other end, without any external recirculation. This would then eliminate the need for a separator and the boiler could be of the less expensive plate fin type. A further reduction in CAPEX is thereby achieved but an alternative boiler control system is then needed to control the exit dryness fraction. Fig 7 ORC flow control system A number of arrangements for this are possible (9), one of which is shown in Fig 8. This is based on throttling a small sample flow from the main boiler delivery pipe directly to the condenser. Since the working fluid is never required to leave the expander as wet vapor, it follows that thePDF Image | COST EFFECTIVE SMALL SCALE ORC SYSTEMS
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