PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 004
Georgsson and Fridleifsson 4 Geothermal energy in the world If we only look at the electricity production, the role of hydropower becomes much more significant. The world electricity production was about 14,000TWh in 1998 as compared with 6,000 TWh in 1973 (WEA, 2000). Most of the electricity was produced by coal (38%), followed by hydro (18%), nuclear (17%), natural gas (16%) and oil (9%). Only 2% of the electricity was provided by the “new renewables” (small hydro, biomass, geothermal, wind, solar and tidal energy). Table 3 shows the installed capacity and electricity production in 2005 for renewable energy sources, namely hydro, biomass, wind, geothermal, and solar energy (from Fridleifsson et al., 2008). The data for the table is compiled from “Tables” in the 2007 Survey of Energy Resources (WEC, 2007). It should be noted that the installed capacity for biomass is not given in the “Tables”, but reported as “In excess of 40 GW” in the text. The capacity factor for biomass is thus uncertain. No figures are given for the installed capacity and electricity production of tidal energy in the survey. The table clearly reflects the variable capacity factors of the power stations using the renewable sources. The capacity factor of 73% for geothermal is by far the highest. Geothermal energy is independent of weather conditions contrary to solar, wind, or hydro applications. It has an inherent storage capability and can be used both for base load and peak power plants. The relatively high share of geothermal energy in electricity production compared to the installed capacity (1.8% of the electricity with only 1% of the installed capacity) reflects the reliability of geothermal plants which can be (and are in a few countries) operated at capacity factors in excess of 90%. TABLE 3: Electricity from renewable energy resources in 2005 Compiled from Tables in 2007 Survey of Energy Resources (WEC, 2007) Installed capacity GWe % Production per year TWh/yr % Capacity factor % 778 87.5 40* 4.5 59 6.6 8.9 1.0 2,837 89 42 183 5.7 52* 106 3.3 21 Hydro Biomass Wind Geothermal Solar 4 0.4 5 0.2 14 Total 890 100 3,188 100 41** * Capacity factor is uncertain; **Weighted average. Table 3 serves to demonstrate that renewable energy sources can contribute significantly more to the mitigation of climate change by cooperating than by competing. It underlines that geothermal energy is available day and night every day of the year and can thus serve as a supplement to energy sources which are only available intermittently. It is most economical for geothermal power stations to serve as a base load throughout the year, but they can also, at a cost, be operated to meet seasonal variations and as peak power. Geothermal energy is one of the renewable energy sources that can be expected to play an important role in an energy future where the emphasis is no longer on fossil fuels, but on energy resources that are at least semi-renewable and long-term environmentally acceptable, especially with regard to emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. For developing countries which are endowed with good geothermal resources, it is a reliable local energy source that can at least to some extent be used to replace energy production based on imported (usually) fossil fuels. The technology is proven and cost-effective. For developing countries that have good resources and have acquired the necessary local expertise it has become very important. A good example of this is Kenya, as well as the Philippines, El Salvador and Costa Rica, where geothermal energy has become one of the important energy sources providing for 10-20% of the electricity production. With Kenya’s Vision 2030, geothermal is scheduled to become Kenya’s main source of electricity, with plans to for 5000 MWe on-line in the two next decades (Ngugi, 2012). Iceland should also be mentioned as the only country where geothermal energy supplies more than 60% of the primary energy used. This is done through direct use for space heating, bathing, etc., and through production of electricity (Ragnarsson, 2010). 57 1.8 73PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME LaGeo
PDF Search Title:
GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME LaGeoOriginal File Name Searched:
UNU_GTP_SC_14_01.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |