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New development in ORC technology 7 Valdimarsson 4. TRANCRITICAL ORC POWER PLANTS A transcritical ORC power plant has pressure higher than the working fluid critical pressure on the high pressure side of the plant. The condenser is operating in the same way as in a conventional ORC plant, having pressure well below the working fluid critical pressure. The working fluid is thus supercritical on the high pressure side and subcritical on the low pressure side, leading to the logical designation “transcritical” for the cycle. The working fluid enters the high pressure side as compressed liquid. Heat is added to the fluid, but as the pressure is higher than the critical pressure, the fluid cannot boil. There are no bubbles created, there is no interface anywhere between a vapour phase and a liquid phase. The fluid just gets less dense and more vapour-like as the temperature increases. When the fluid has been heated to sufficiently high temperature, it can be expanded through a turbine. The benefit of the transcritical cycle is that the temperature difference over which the heat is transferred in the “vaporizer” can be made less than what it is in a conventional ORC cycle, provided that the source fluid has only sensible heat. If heat is transferred over a finite temperature difference, entropy will be generated and exergy will be lost. This is minimised in the transcritical ORC cycle. Therefore the transcritcal cycle is at its best when the source fluid is liquid water or gas, and no condensation (latent heat) is in the source fluid. A temperature-heat duty diagram of a transcritical cycle is shown on Figure 10. FIGURE 10: A temperature-heat duty diagram for a transcritical ORC cycle Atlas Copco has already built and commissioned a transcritical 2 MW ORC plant for waste heat recovery in Judy Creek, Canada in December 2012. The design and construction of this plant has given valuable insight into the transcritcal ORC cycle, and is now as well offered for geothermal applications. Figures 11 and 12 show the main plant components. 5. NON-CONDENSABLE GAS (NCG) AND HYBRID ORC POWER PLANTS High enthalpy geothermal wells usually deliver a mixture of brine, steam and non-condensable gas. The mixture is separated in a flash cycle, and the steam-gas mixture is then expanded through aPDF Image | Medium-Enthalpy Geothermal Resources and Financial Aspects
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