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Pumping Water for Irrigation Using Solar Energy Page 4 Figure 3. Graph showing I-V curve of array at given level of irradiance and a resistive load (top); variances in amperage component (center); photovoltaic-powered water pumping system used in here (bottom). function of the EARC, assume a photovoltaic module of seven, 10 cm2 photovoltaic cells wired together in parallel so that at maximum sunlight (1000 W/m2) the short circuit current equals 1.00 amp and the open circuit voltage is 0.6 volts. At lower levels of irradiance, the amperage falls proportionally, but the voltage remains practically constant. If two, seven-cell modules are connected permanently in parallel, their maximum power point at low irradiance values will match the DC motor load line at low operational voltages (Figure 4b). In the same manner, if these two modules are connected permanently in series, the maximum power point at high irradiance values will match the load line at high operational voltages (Figure 4c). The EARC used in this demonstration system alternated the configuration of the two units of the photovoltaic array between parallel and series in reference to the irradiance level. When the irradiance level was low, the two units were electronically connected in parallel to maintain an adequate amperage level for continued operation of the motor at a low voltage. When the irradiance level was high, the two units were electronically connected in series which increased the voltage output of the array and produced an amperage and voltage power supply which closely matched the amperage and voltage power demand of the attached load at the higher level. In this manner, as the irradiance level varied, the motor utilized the power available from the photovoltaic array more efficiently than if the two units had been statically configured in a parallel or series connection. The pumping system used in this demonstration included a 0.5 Hp, DC, permanent magnet motor and a single-stage centrifugal pump. The water was pumped from a surface pond through 5-cm (2-in) diameter PVC pipe and discharged at a height of 2.44m (8 ft). The photovoltaic system had an average SOC4 peak watt (Wp)5 rating of 374 watts at the solar irradiance level of 1000 watts/m2.6 SUBSYSTEM EFFICIENCIES The photovoltaic system used in this demonstration was mathematically analyzed as three separate subsystems: 1) the photovoltaic modules with the reflectors, 2) the EARC, and 3) the motor and pump subsystem. The individual efficiencies of these subsystems were 11 percent, 96 percent, and 44 percent respectively. Figure 5 shows the flow of energy converted from solar radiation to fluid power. The overall efficiency of the entire system was 4.6 percent.PDF Image | Pumping Water for Irrigation Using Solar Energy
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