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1 THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES WITH SUPERCRITICAL CO2 CYCLE TOPPING CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT This application relates to the subject matter of US. Pat. No. 3,237,403 entitled “Supercritical Cycle Heat Engine” by Ernest G. Feher and reference is made to the information therein as though fully set forth herein below BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 2 produce electrical energy by driving electrical genera tors. The advantage of this Feher topping gas turbine system shows up as improved efficiency in the Feher Cycle primary heat exchanger as well as a major reduc 5 tioninthesizeasaresultofthepressurizingofthe combustion gas stream by the gas turbine. Other more sophisticated featurescan be added to the Feher topping gas turbine system such as including a regenerative gas turbine. In this cycle, the gas turbine 10 exhaust gases are utilized to heat its compressor dis charge prior to introduction to the combustor. This results in higher ef?ciencies and reduced exhaust gas temperature at the cost of adding a recuperator to the gasturbine.An afterburnercanalsobeaddedbetween the Feher Cycle primary heatexchanger and the gas turbine inlet to provide additional heat energy. This enables the replacement of the gas turbines in a Feher topping gas turbine system to incorporate turbines of higher design inlet temperatures without modi?cation to the Feher Cycle equipment. This results in an in creased gas turbine total output as well as increases in efficiency as turbines which can cope with higher and higher turbine inlet temperatures are commercially available. Other means of making effective use of the exhaust gas discharge of the Feher Cycle primary heat ex changer can be obtained by topping a steam turbine system with a Feher Cycle. In this system the Feher Cycle primary heat exchanger discharge is utilized to The Feher Cycle Engine described in the above referenced patent is known to offer higher cycle ef? ciency than more conventional thermodynamic energy conversion systems. When a Feher Cycle heat engine utilizes a combustion gas fired primary heat exchanger, the minimum combustion gas primary exhaust temper atureisrelativelyhighsinceitmustbeabovethedesign temperature of the working ?uid entering the turbine inlet of the Feher Cycle. Typically when CO2 is the working fluid, this primary exhaust temperature is more than 1400°F and can be up to 3,000°F or higher. In a conventional Feher Cycle system, a portion of the heatintheexhaustgasesleavingtheprimaryheatex 25 changer can be utilized in an air preheater to increase the temperature’ of the ambient air prior to its entry 3,971,211 into the combustion. In addition to the high tempera ture which must be present in the primary heat ex changerexhaustgases,thereisalsoahighdifferential30 ?reawasteheat,mainsteamboilerfeedingasteam pressure present. Since the CO2 is not allowed to fall below its critical pressure of 1072 psi and in some instances the CO2 pressure in the primary heater tubes approaches 4500 psi or higher while the combustion gases are at relatively modest pressures, the Feher 35 ondary heat exchanger can be utilized in the steam Cycle primary heat exchanger has a combination of high differential pressure and relatively high tube wall temperatures which make itexpensive and dif?cult to fabricate. system as a feed water heater to make effective use of a major heat loss from the Feher Cycle. The heat input to the steam system can be varied as desired by modi? cation of the Feher Cycle recuperator to raise recuper ‘SinceitisthemainobjectofFeherCyclemachinesto40 atoroutlettemperatures.LiketheFehertoppinggas convert heat energy into other useful forms of energy such as mechanical or electrical energy in the most ef?cient and economical way possible, the hereinafter described invention is aimed at making effective use of the aforementioned Feher Cycle characteristics. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION turbine cycle, the Feher Cycle topping steam turbine cycle can be modi?ed by the use of additional compo nents where such modi?cations are advantageous. For example, a supplementary combustor. can be added to 45 provideadditionalheattothemainboilerofthesteam system. This arrangement permits a wide variation in steam turbine power while maintaining the output of the Feher Cycle constant. It also provides means for system matching when retrofitting the Feher Cycle in a topping arrangement to existing steam systems. It is also possible to use some or all of the steam generated to supply a process steam system. This latter arrange ment is useful in industrial plants requiring electrical energy which is available from the Feher Cycle plus It has been found that the efficiency advantages of the Feher Cycle can be enhanced by using the Feher Cycle as a topping cycle combined with turbine, steam turbine, and/or other heat process systems which can utilize the heat inputs and outputs of a Feher Cycle in an economic manner so the total system efficiency is always above that of the topping cycle and in some cases exceeds that of the Feher Cycle alone. At the 55 process steam. In addition to the above cycles, it is same time, the initial cost of the compound systems per unit of converted heat energy can be reduced below that of any of the simple cycle systems incorporated. feasible and theoretically very ef?cient to build a ter tiary system where the Feher Cycle tops a gas turbine which in turn tops a steam turbine wherein each of these systems may have the options mentioned above. One class of cycles with improved efficiency poten tialaswellasthepromiseofbeingmoreeconomicin60 InatertiarysystemtheFeherCycleprimaryheatex the ?rst cost results from the combination of the Feher Cyclewithagasturbine.The FeherCycleprimaryheat exchanger discharge is routed through the turbine of thegasturbineandtheFeherCycleprimaryisdesigned soastoexhaustatdesiredgasturbineinlettempera 65 asafeedwaterheatertoutilizetheheatlossfromthe tures. As a result, the Feher Cycle engine “tops” the gas turbine cycle. Both the gas turbine and the Feher Cycle engine produce shaft'power which can be used to FeherCycleeffectively. Itisthereforeaprincipleobjectofthepresentinven tion to more effectively utilize the high exhaust gas turbine generator which can be used to produce electri cal energy in addition to the electrical energy produced by the Feher Cycle output turbine generator. In the Feher Cycle topping steam cycle the Feher Cycle sec changer discharges into the turbine inlet of the gas turbine whose discharge in turn fires a waste heat boiler. generating steam for the steam turbine cycle. The Feher Cycle secondary heat exchanger can then servePDF Image | THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES WITH SCO2 CYCLE TOPPING
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