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CuO mass fraction as quoted by the manufacturer. Although, Grassian (2008) and Jamison et al. (2008) have shown that fundamental properties including density can be size dependent on the nanoscale, the author assumes that a bais error in the 40 % CuO mass fraction is responsible for the density discrepancy. Following this belief, Eq. (1) was used to correct the CuO mass fractions by setting the density of the solid particles to the referenced value of 6310 kg·m-3. The back-substitution method gave corrected CuO mass fractions of 39.2 % ± 0.1 %, 5.6 % ± 0.02 %, 2.9 % ± 0.02 %. 4.2 Viscosity Measurements Figure 3 shows the measured kinematic viscosity (ν) of the nanolubricant mixtures versus temperature (T) at atmospheric pressure. The solid lines shown in Fig. 3 are three-parameter best- fit regressions or estimated means of the data to the following form for the normalized viscosity (v/vo), which has been successfully used for 1944 compounds in the DIPPR Project17 (Rowley et al., 2007) and also by the NIST ThermoData Engine18 (Frenkel et al., 2007) and Outcalt et al. (2009): ν⎛A ⎞ =exp A + 1 +A ln(T)+ATA4 (2) ν⎜0T2r3r⎟ 0⎝r⎠ Paper No. IIR-177 where νο is the unity-viscosity (νο=1 mm2·s-1), and Tr is the nanolubricant temperature normalized by 273.15 K. The term with the A3 leading constant was found not to be statistically significant for the present data set. In addition, fifteen of the 880 measurements were removed before fitting because they were identified as “outliers” based on having both high influence and high-leverage (Belsley, et al., 1980). Table 3 gives the constants for the regression of the normalized kinematic viscosity versus the normalized temperature to Eq. (2) for the fluids tested Figure 3 Measured liquid viscosity of CuO nanolubricant for various mass fractions at atmospheric pressurePDF Image | VISCOSITY AND DENSITY OF CUO NANOLUBRICANT
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