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World Energy Council 2013 Cost of Energy Technologies Great Plains and parts of Texas, onshore load factors can reach 45%+, putting end LCOEs at USD50 or lower. Finding sites with that level of resource in western Europe can prove chal- lenging, not least because of sheer population density and land unavailability. Load factors for plants with older model turbines average 25%–28% for countries like Germany, Italy and Spain, with parts of the UK able to obtain higher rates. The application of newer models, while increasing CAPEX, can push up averages to 28–31%. Annual O&M rates are generally higher in Europe than in the US. The UK and Eastern Europe’s limited supply chain pushes annual contract charges to USD28,000–29,000/MW/yr, while in more competitive markets like Sweden – that also site larger scale projects able to benefit from economies of scale – costs can drop below USD20,000–USD24,000/MW/yr. The US and Brazil similarly competitive, are both characterised by large–scale projects and O&M contracts of around USD23,000/MW/yr or less. In BNEF’s developed market scenario, a standard onshore wind farm with a capacity factor of 32%, USD1.77m/MW CAPEX and access to 77% debt financing has an LCOE of USD78/MWh. Table 2 Levelised cost of onshore wind by country Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance Note: *the given range is an average scenario range and does not reflect actual maximum and minimum values Geography CAPEX (USDm/MW) OPEX (USD/MW/yr) Capacity factor (%) LCOE (USD/MWh) India Brazil Australia UK* Germany* Netherlands* Italy* Poland* Bulgaria* 1.08–1.25 1.67 2.27–2.45 1.43–1.52 1.36–1.46 1.44–1.61 1.46–1.6 1.52–1.73 1.57–1.88 10,694–24,391 24,000 33,907 28,750 19,000–21,500 20,000–22,500 20,000–22,000 23,000–24,500 22,000–23,500 15–33 23–45 30–42 28–31 24–27 25–31 24–30 25–30 24–29 47–113 55–99 71–99 72–74 79–82 79–84 87–95 93–97 105–106 China 1.36–1.37 17,000–25,138 19–35 49–93 United States 1.83 24,000–24,400 20–46 61–136 Europe 1.61–1.94 23,000–28,750 20–36 71–117 France* 1.43–1.52 20,000–22,500 26–31 75–82 Sweden* 1.59–1.71 19,000–21,500 28–33 79–83 Denmark* 1.51–1.61 20,000–22,500 26–30 80–85 Spain* 1.39–1.63 20,000–22,500 26–29 88–91 Romania* 1.61–1.85 22,000–24,500 24–30 100–107 15PDF Image | Cost of Energy Technologies
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