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20 Geography CAPEX (USDm/MW) OPEX (USD/MW/yr) Capacity factor (%) LCOE (USD/MWh) India 1.53–1.81 11,063–14,750 15–20 87–137 United States 1.77 25,000–60,000 12–21 117–239 Germany* 1.63 60,000 11 226 Cost of Energy Technologies World Energy Council 2013 Large-scale projects in the US come in at around USD1.8m/MW, while a best-in-class project in Western Europe comes in at about USD1.6m/MW. Costs for the US are banded in a slightly nar- rower range and projects with single digit capacity factors have largely been avoided. However pricing data suggests that large-scale PV plants currently require a slightly larger capital invest- ment than comparable facilities in Europe, increasing the LCOE. Capacity factors vary widely in both places, with projects achieving anywhere from 12–21% in the US and 11–19%+ in Europe. Echoing onshore wind, mainland Japan has the highest LCOEs globally (although in certain parts of Okinawa high quality sun resources produce much lower LCOEs). Their generous feed-in-tariff has incentivised construction of plants with low load factors of around 12% coupled with global maxi- mum CAPEX of USD2.7m+, pushing LCOEs to USD430/MWh and higher. Developers there have been too keen to use expensive domestically-made components, partially a result of the fact that Japanese banks have been hesitant to finance projects with a significant amount of foreign-made parts. This can be attributed to a couple of factors – one is because PV project finance of the type European & American markets are used to is relatively new to Japan, and the other is that banks there are worried about the risk foreign manufacturer bankruptcy poses for product warranties. This appears to be changing – partly due to the increase use of reinsurance for warranty risk – and the increasing bankability of cheaper Taiwanese and Chinese parts should help bring down LCOEs. Figure 7 Levelised cost of solar electricity by region (USD/MWh) Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance Japan United Kingdom Germany Belgium Italy Greece Australia France Bulgaria Spain United States India China Table 4 0 100 200 300 400 500 LCOE range Mid Levelised cost of PV by region Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Note: *the given range is an average scenario and does not reflect actual maximum and minimum values China 1.45–1.05 Spain* 1.63 Australia 2.41 Japan* 2.66 17,000 11–20 25,000 19 109 79–145 27,330 14–21 50,000 12 439 127–191PDF Image | Cost of Energy Technologies
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