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World Energy Council 2013 Cost of Energy Technologies Biomass and Waste Biomass and waste power encompasses a range of technologies that generate electricity from various biomass feedstocks and either municipal or industrial waste from incineration, gasification or anaerobic digestion technologies. The most common organic feedstocks are residues from the forestry industry, but specially-grown crops, such as willow or elephant grass, are becoming increasingly important. In sparsely wooded areas, agricultural residues like straw or husks are predominantly used. Other means of generating power in this sector harness the methane created from the decomposition municipal or industrial waste. Biomass power economics are more closely related to those of traditional thermal generation, due to their reliance on feedstock inputs. They can also be subject to significant economies of scale. Western Europe leads the world in terms of installed biomass electricity capacity, followed by the US and Brazil. China has a national target to reach 30GW biomass generation by 2020. National feed-in tariffs and tonnage targets are also in force to support this target. Since a significant part of the levelised cost of biomass generation, the feedstock, is now offset by subsidies, we are likely to see significant growth in line with government targets. In the US, biomass generation is supported by the regional renewable portfolio standards and the biomass production tax credit. The tax credit is due to expire at the end of 2013 but may be extended for a further two to three years. This policy uncertainty is raising the barrier to obtaining finance. Figure 9 Levelised cost of biomass electricity over time, developed market average (USD/MWh) Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance 200 150 100 50 Gasification Anaerobic digestion Incineration MSW Landfill gas 0 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Brazil has an abundant, cheap fuel in the form of bagasse, a waste product of sugar pro- cessing. The low operational costs of bagasse incineration reduce the levelised costs and are incentivised with stable policy support and transparent pricing. The UK has seen significant biomass investment thanks to government support schemes. The upcoming Energy Bill is likely to replace the current portfolio standards and feed-in tar- iffs with a “Contracts for Difference” scheme whose details have yet to be announced. 25PDF Image | Cost of Energy Technologies
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