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World Energy Council 2013 Cost of Energy Technologies Table 9 Levelised cost of biomass by region Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance Note: *the given range is a average scenario range and does not reflect actual maximum and minimum values. Geography Type CAPEX (USDm/MW) OPEX (USD/MW/yr) Capacity factor (%) LCOE (USD/MWh) Landfill gas 1.54–2.47 90,000 –200,000 60–90 45–95 US Incineration MSW Incineration MSW Landfill gas 2.00–5.40 2.90–7.70 2.00–5.40 2.90–7.70 1.43–2.22 90,000 ~85 –200,000 90,000 80 –200,000 90,000 ~85 –200,000 90,000 80 –200,000 115,000 70–90 –266,667 50–200 80–210 50–200 80–210 34–83 Gasification 3.60–6.40 90,000 –200,000 80 50–140 Landfill gas 1.54–2.47 90,000 –200,000 60–90 45–95 Western Europe China Gasification 3.60–6.40 90,000 –200,000 80 50–140 India Incineration 0.83–1.20 27,657– 89,885 50–85 65–86 Geothermal Geothermal taps the naturally-occurring heat stored in rock up to several miles below the surface of the earth. Conceptually, the extraction process is simple: a series of holes are drilled into the ground and the subterranean heat is captured by drawing to the surface the naturally occurring steam or hot fluid. The steam is then run through a turbine directly, or the hot geothermal fluid is used to heat a separate working fluid that converts to a gas to turn the turbine. In both cases, the used geothermal fluid is injected back into the subsurface to aid in replenishing the resource. Globally there is just over 11GW of commissioned geothermal, dominated by the US which has 3.1GW, followed by the Philippines with 1.9GW and Indonesia with 1.2GW. The growth pipeline of projects is concentrated in Indonesia, the US, New Zealand and Japan, but Kenya and Ethiopia are also forecasted to be major growth spots for expansion. The size of the resource available in Ethiopia means that there is significant potential for the country to eventually become a net electricity exporter. The introduction of Japan’s new feed-in-tariff will likely spur development of geothermal there, but there are long lead times for project devel- opment (up to 7 years according to a local industry association). Indonesia’s recent move to raise the price ceiling for geothermal projects and the US’s last minute extension of its production tax credit (PTC) represent two additional positive signs for further deployment. Geothermal technologies are relatively mature within the renewables class and as such are subject to different cost drivers than newer wind and solar technologies. Also unlike other renewable technologies, much of a geothermal plant’s cost occurs prior to confirmation of resource availability during the process of drilling test wells. 27PDF Image | Cost of Energy Technologies
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