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28 Binary plant Flash Cost of Energy Technologies World Energy Council 2013 Figure 10 Levelised cost of geothermal electricity over time, developed market average (USD/MWh) Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Inaccurate resource measurement could lead to under-producing plants and subsequently lower than forecasted revenues. Long development lead times also pose barriers to develop- ment. These are caused by the diligence necessary to prove reservoir resource, secure land rights and receive development permits, which can be especially difficult in countries with inefficient regulatory and permitting systems or complex land rights laws. Drilling rig rates and associated costs make up the single largest cost component of geo- thermal plants, upwards of 55%, and can increase substantially with drilling failures and vary with the complexity of the well. Day rates for rigs vary substantially based on local rig availability. In the US costs hover around USD20,000/day while in countries like Chile and Indonesia daily rates can be upwards of USD40,000/day for a global average of USD28,000/ day. Geothermal projects compete with oil & gas projects for the same rigs, so a booming oil & gas sector can end up meaning more expensive drilling costs for geothermal. Binary Binary plants are the most recently developed geothermal technology and are able to tap into lower temperature reservoirs than flash plants, of between 74–199 °C. Rather than using steam directly, these plants pass the reservoir water through a heat exchanger that boils fluid in a closed-loop system containing a fluid with a low boiling point. Binary geothermal plants make up around 13% of global installed geothermal capacity. The US is currently the leading market in terms of current binary plants, followed by New Zealand. Flash Flash plants direct super-heated water or steam directly from the ground into tanks where water is flashed into steam using pressure differentials to drive turbines. Resource temper- atures for these plants are typically over 200 °C. Flash plants are the most common type of geothermal and make up around 70% of total global installed geothermal capacity. Geo- graphically the Philippines is the leading country in terms of installed capacity, followed by Mexico and Indonesia. Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013PDF Image | Cost of Energy Technologies
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