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World Energy Council 2013 Cost of Energy Technologies Wave Wave technologies vary more widely than tidal and have a significantly smaller development pipeline. Whereas there is over 5GW of in-development tidal globally there is under 2GW of wave. It is unlikely that commercial scale, multi-MW projects will roll out in significant num- bers until at least 2016. Wave units can be fully submerged, partially submerged and even above water onshore (to take advantage of onshore wave breaking). They can be anchored and fixed or floating, and no two units are similar. Major technology sub-classes include oscillating wave surge con- verters, attenuators, point absorbers and oscillating water columns. Like tidal projects, the range of potential CAPEX varies significantly and is not particularly geographically specific at this point due to the early stage of deployment and lack of com- mercial scale installation. Recently the wave industry has been in a tumultuous period marked by questions about the viability of many designs and punctuated by negative news such as the liquidation of well- known Irish firm Wavebob and major German utility E.ON’s withdrawal from a project with Pelamis Wave Power. Table 12 Levelised cost of wave electricity by region Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Note: *the given range is an average scenario and does not reflect actual maximum and minimum values High cost 16.05 ~150,000 25 1,058 Low cost 5.48 ~150,000 35 284 Hydro For this report we split hydro into two categories: large dams over 10MW and small dams under 10MW, which includes run-of-river projects. The WEC Survey of Energy Resources published in 2013 indicates that there is a substantial potential for further development of small hydro and run-of-river capacity as well as for large hydro. While hydropower has already been exploited to a high degree in Europe (75%) and North America (69%), there still is significant potential in Latin America (33%), Asia (22%) and particularly in Africa (7%). Due to the maturity and relative simplicity of the technology the economics can be very attractive if the right location can be found. Hydro power LCOEs are usually cost-competitive without financial support, especially for adequately sited large hydro, but the main barrier to development is the very high capital cost of building the installation. Other barriers to invest- ment include low seasonal river flows and elevated levels of water use (which will have an effect on reservoir levels even in the case of large hydro), and resistance to flooding large areas of productive land. Due to a huge variation in the capacity factors for hydro coupled with large differences in capital costs of main components such as cement and steel, there is a large range of Geography CAPEX (USDm/MW) OPEX (USD/MW/yr) Capacity factor (%) LCOE (USD/MWh) Central 8.78 ~150,000 30 496 31PDF Image | Cost of Energy Technologies
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