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32 Geography CAPEX (USDm/MW) OPEX (USD/MW/yr) Capacity factor (%) LCOE (USD/MWh) Large hydro 1.59–4.15 20,000–62,000 20–75 24–302 Cost of Energy Technologies World Energy Council 2013 potential LCOEs from these technologies across developed and developing countries. While average projects are able to compete directly with fossil fuels there remain many projects that are far more expensive. Table 13 Levelised cost of hydro electricity globally Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Note: *the given range is an average scenario and does not reflect actual maximum and minimum values Small hydro 1.40–3.68 15,002–85,000 23–80 19–314 Coal, gas and nuclear The economics of conventional thermal generation projects differ substantially from those of intermittent, low marginal cost renewables such as solar and wind. Regionally the largest differentiator between conventional coal and gas projects tends to be the cost of input fuels, which are highly localised. For nuclear projects upfront capital costs are high enough that fuel becomes less of a cost differentiator. The importance of fuel costs is shared by biomass facilities, but not by most other renewable types as once a renewable project is up and running the marginal cost of generation is minimal – typically only operations and maintenance. Geopolitical changes have driven up the costs of new coal, gas and nuclear generation in developed countries and in some cases – such as the ban on new nuclear in Germany – there are limited options for the deployment of certain types of conventional power stations. Coal The likelihood of a significant amount of new coal generation coming online in Western Europe, the US and Australia is low. For the purposes of this report we have assumed a 10% cost of equity for our base hurdle rate, but indications are that the actual hurdle rates demanded by investors in order to induce them to supply capital to a new build coal plant may be on the order of 18% or higher, pushing the LCOEs up even further than below. In the case of both the Europe and Australia any new plant would be subject to an uncertain future carbon price, which is the main reason why investors consider these plant so risky. Despite this – in continen- tal Europe, new coal plants continue to come online in Germany where the nuclear ban and other market-specific factors will likely drive new additions for the next few years. Coal remains a growing generation source in Brazil and other parts of South America and in Southeast Asia, but China and India are the main markets for new coal development. In China, extremely low capital costs make China the cheapest country in which to generate power from coal. Coal plant capital costs hover around USD0.66m/MW, which is roughly 80% below the global average. When coupled with fuel costs using benchmark FOB2 Newcastle coal (coal for export from the port of Newcastle, Australia), LCOEs for Chinese coal are as low as USD35/ 2 FOB = free on board – term used in shipping to describe cases in which the seller is responsible for bringing the goods on board the ship, after which the responsibility is transferred to the buyerPDF Image | Cost of Energy Technologies
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