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40 Cost of Energy Technologies World Energy Council 2013 on available data on resource assessments, observed O&M and capital expenditure costs for similar technologies or estimates provided by government or agency sources. Conversa- tions with participants across the energy value chain, insight from BNEF sector analysts and data from reliable public sources also serve as important data sources. Capital expenditure figures When compiling CAPEX figures we break costs into three broad components: development, balance of plant and equipment. Development costs are the most difficult component to assess due to differences in the cost and duration of application and permitting processes from country to country, but are also typically small when compared to those for the physical plant. Balance of plant (BoP) costs include non-core technology costs such as turbine tower foundations and on-site electrical for onshore wind. Equipment includes core-components such as turbines for CCGT plants. Equipment and BoP are combined and applied to expenditure in equal amounts over the construction period, but the use of two categories facilitates easier allocation of the drivers of plant costs. Grid costs Our CAPEX development is based only on on-site costs, excluding the cost of connecting a project to the grid. Whilst we recognise that for certain technologies such as offshore wind grid connection costs can represent a large share of final costs, this is a difficult component to include in the analysis. It is problematic to make assumptions about average distances to the grid and to analyse regional differences in who is responsible for the cost (in some countries the cost is borne by utilities or grid operators while in others by the developer). Costs also exclude the expense balancing costs and the cost of the externalities associated with additional renewable supply to the grid such as heightened flexibility requirements for conventional plants. Inflation Inflation rates are used to inflate O&M costs as well as the LCOE itself over the project’s operational life. For each country the inflation rate used is the average of the IMF’s consumer price index inflation forecast for each of the next five years. Tax Tax rates are sourced from the corporate income tax surveys of major global accountancy firms KPMG and Deloitte. Tax losses are not carried forward in the model. Depreciation Tax depreciation methods differ from country to country and eventually this study will aim to reflect the methodologies applied at the local level. However, this initial version assumes that capital expenditure is depreciated for 20 years using a straight line approach.PDF Image | Cost of Energy Technologies
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