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World Energy Council 2013 Cost of Energy Technologies Currency This study is done in USD. All local currency values have been translated to USD at current foreign exchange rates. The local currency-USD exchange rate can have a significant effect on USD LCOEs. Labour and materials Where local O&M figures are available we use the O&M rates as revealed. However, where benchmark O&M costs are not available we calculate the cost of labour and materials of O&M separately. The cost of labour is adjusted from projects where data are available using purchasing power parity (PPP). The cost of materials uses average discounts observable in total plant capital expenditures. Debt For technologies that are bankable in a given region we apply appropriate debt/equity ratios, spreads and tenors for the operational term loans and where applicable construction and development loans. Debt repayment schedules are developed using a simple mort- gage style approach with equal repayment values over the tenor of the operational loan. All projects are priced over the USD swap rate for the tenor period to reflect that end borrowing costs would include the cost of locking in a fixed borrowing rate using a USD floating to fixed rate swap contract. Equity The complexities of assessing the returns required by local equity investors are beyond the scope of this report. As a way of simplifying the process of valuing projects regardless of local risks and technology-specific risks we assume that all equity investors require a 10% return on their investments. Example calculation We define the LCOE as the USD/MWh price for an inflation-adjusted, fixed-price off-take agreement that, taking into account all project-specific costs, offers the sponsor and/or pro- ject developer the minimum equity return necessary to undertake the project. An LCOE of USD100/MWh for a wind farm indicates that after factoring in cost of devel- opment time and cost, construction, turbine costs, balance of plant, short and long-term financing and operating costs, signing a power purchase agreement at USD100/MWh would return the owner of the project exactly their ‘hurdle rate’ or the minimum expected equity return required to give the project a green light. Unless otherwise specified we target a 10% equity IRR as a hurdle rate for all technologies, to represent the perspective of a “technology agnostic” developer. CAPEX costs are obtained by leveraging BNEF’s proprietary dataset of project financings coupled with our proprietary indexes. Below is an example of how we calculate the bottom up cost of a PV plant on a per watt basis. 41PDF Image | Cost of Energy Technologies
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