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1.0 Introduction With over half a billion people on the continent lacking access to electricity, Africa is faced with the challenge of generating more power to meet existing and future demand. For many countries, an opportunity exists to do so in a clean and sustainable manner. The continent is well endowed with renewable energy resources which constitute plausible solutions to address existing power shortages (Table 1.1). Indeed, Africa’s reserves of renewable energy resources are the highest in the world, and the continent has enough renewable energy potential to meet its future energy needs (World Energy Council, 2010). It is estimated that 18 of the top 35 developing countries ranked highest in renewable energy reserves, normalized by annual domestic energy consumption, are located in Africa (Buys et al, 2007). Similarly, at least 8 African countries are among the developing world’s most endowed in terms of wind energy potential. Table 1.1: Developing Regions with the Highest Potential for Solar, Wind, Hydro and Geothermal Energy While global wind-based electricity generation is still underdeveloped relative to exploitation of other renewable fuels such as hydro, it has grown at an average annual rate of about 30 percent between 1996 and 2008; making wind one of the world’s fastest-growing energy resources in terms of both coverage and technological innovations (Figure 1.1). The growth reflects mainly advances in technology and energy security concerns in a decade that Region East Asia/Pacific Europe/Central Asia Total Renewable Energy 4 3 Solar Wind Hydro Geothermal 24 8 11 5 3 6 4 0 6 5 14 5 8 9 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 34 27 32 Africa 18 Latin America/ Caribbean MiddleEast 1 SouthAsia 0 7 All World Bank Regions* 33 Source: Buys et al. (2007). *188 countries (close to world total of 193 countries per the World Almanac statistics 2012) saw some of the highest oil prices recorded in history. Climate change considerations have played a role as well. Figure 1.1: Growth in Global Wind Generation Capacity However, despite these positive trends and Africa’s potential supply of wind energy, installed capacity of wind-based electricity in Africa, of about 1.1 GW in 2010, does not exceed 0.5% of global capacity. The disparity between potential and extent of exploitation raises questions about constraints to development of wind energy on the continent. The absence of detailed information at individual project level further restricts developers’ and policy makers’ understanding of the market. The goal of this paper is to improve understanding of how wind energy 9 30 250,000 70 200,000 150,000 100,000 60 50 40 30 20 10 50,000 00 Capacity (MW) Growth (%) Source: World Wind Turbine and Wind Farms Database 1 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Capacity (MW) Growth (%)PDF Image | Development of Wind Energy in Africa
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