PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 009
markets have been developing in Africa. There are two key objectives: provide a mapping of wind energy potential and projects developed on the continent so far; and identify impediments hindering further development of wind energy markets on the continent. We use a hand-collected sample of 94 wind projects in Africa to perform what we believe is the first continent-wide mapping for the markets. The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 provides an overview of the continent’s wind potential and installed capacity. Section 3 provides a micro picture of the sector by mapping wind energy projects, describing their main characteristics and financing sources, and identifying incentives that have been established to promote the sector. In section 4, physical, technical and economic peculiarities that prevent African countries from harnessing their wind energy potential are examined. Section 5 is a conclusion of the discussions in the paper and also provides policy recommendations. 2.0 Africa’s Wind Energy Market: Setting the Stage To contextualize the development of the wind market in Africa, it is important to set the backdrop against which projects are being developed. This includes mapping of locations with wind resources and the size of potential output, reviewing the electricity generation mix for currently installed capacity, as well as assessing the outlook of the industry. The mapping of potential is important to establish the upper limits of wind energy development on the continent. These limits are most meaningful when cast against existing technologies and other important considerations in wind energy development. While multiple dimensions exist on which wind energy potential could be defined, we adopt for the purposes of this paper, a characterization based on the technical wind energy potential for African countries. This approach takes into consideration the physical upper limit given observed wind speeds, technological efficiency, and other structural and ecological restrictions5. We defer to section 4 the discussion on soft constraints to wind energy development such as legislative restrictions and limited competition in the energy markets. Using a technical feasibility method based on technologies available in 2005, Buys et al. (2007)6 find that eight African countries, namely; Somalia, Sudan, Libya, Mauritania, Egypt, Madagascar, Kenya and Chad have large on-shore wind energy potential (Figure 2.1). Mauritania’s potential, for example, is about four times its annual energy consumption in tons of oil equivalent, while Sudan’s is equivalent to 90% of its annual energy needs. Yet, there is variability in terms of geographic location of wind potential across countries. In particular, the study finds that five additional African countries – Mozambique, Tanzania, Angola, South Africa and Namibia – have potentially large off-shore wind energy resources (Figure 2.2). 5 Wind potential could be (i) theoretic: the physical upper limit of an energy resource, (ii) conversion: theoretic capacity accounting for technology efficiency, (iii) technical: conversion capacity accounting for other technological, structural and ecological restrictions (iv) economic: technical capacity which is economically feasible (Teske et al 2011). 6 Buys et al. (2007) estimate potential electricity generation from renewable energy resources based on a geo-referenced database of energy indicators from a variety of sources. A key merit of this database is that it adopts a standard unit of measurement – million tons of oil equivalent (mtoe) – which makes estimates ideal for comparison of potential across energy types. 2PDF Image | Development of Wind Energy in Africa
PDF Search Title:
Development of Wind Energy in AfricaOriginal File Name Searched:
Working_Paper_170___Development_of_Wind_Energy_in_Africa.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)