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The 16 ongoing projects we identified are expected to add a cumulative capacity of about 1.5 GW to the current installed wind capacity. The 48 planned projects would add at least another 10 GW inclusive of the Sahara Wind Project, also known as the Moroccan Wind Plan, which is expected to have an installed capacity of 5GW. 3.2 Models of Industry Development The observed trends emerging from the profiling of projects can be traced back to how the wind energy industry has developed in Africa. Most African countries pursued a phased approach to develop wind energy projects. This often started with pilot and field testing wind projects followed by semi- commercial wind farms, and subsequently by large scale commercial projects (Figure 3.6). The phased approach at pilot stage reflects need to test available technology, insufficient geo-referenced resources and data sets to gauge feasibility and guide investments, and low public sector capacity to oversee the industry’s development. Once technologies have been proven feasible in pilot projects, a phased approach towards commercialization is often adopted, mainly reflecting lack of sufficient resources to fund large scale operations initially. Figure 3.6: A Phased Approach of Wind Energy Development Pilot Semi-commercial Commercial Source: Authors The first wind farms in Africa were established during the 1980’s. In Egypt, a pilot wind farm was developed at Ras Gharib, near the Gulf of Suez, in 1988 which laid the foundation for large scale projects that were later established. The project was co-sponsored by the then Egyptian Electricity Authority (now Egyptian Electricity Holding Company, or EEHC) and the state-owned General Petroleum Company, to partly meet the energy needs of General Petroleum Company (USAID, 1986). This was immediately followed by the establishment of the Wind Energy Technology Center at Hurghada, which was established initially as a measurement and turbine testing center. A small scale demonstration wind farm was later added at the location. Egypt’s first commercial wind project was the first phase of the Zafarana wind farm (30 MW) commissioned in 2001. Seven subsequent phases of Zafarana have since been completed, bringing the farm’s capacity to 545 MW as of 2010. There are currently three ongoing developments on the Gulfs of Suez and El Zayt which are expected to add another 200 MW capacity each, and the expansion of the Hurghada wind farm which is expected to have an installed capacity of 1,100 MW at completion. A strong public sector and donor presence can be observed in projects implemented in Egypt. For example, the Ras Gharib pilot project was developed using USAID resources whereas the Hurghada wind farm was funded by Danish and German resources. Zafarana received support from several bilateral investment promotion agencies, mostly the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) and Germany’s KfW. All completed projects in Egypt (and most ongoing and planned projects) were sponsored by the New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA), the public entity created in 1986 with a mandate to plan and implement renewable energy programs. No private developers were active in Egypt on completed projects. The Italian energy generation firm, Italgen, is poised to become the first private developer with its planned 120 MW wind farm along the Gulf of El 8PDF Image | Development of Wind Energy in Africa
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