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Zayt. And among NREA’s planned projects, one - the Gulf of Suez 200 MW facility - is structured as a public-private partnership (PPP)10. Tunisia is following a similar development path, though on a smaller scale and with concessional official development assistance (ODA). The first wind farm at Sidi Daoud was developed in three phases with financial support from Spain, including (i) concessional lending from the Spanish Development Assistance Financing (FAD) to the Tunisian government, and (ii) commercial debt from the Spanish Export Credit Agency in favor of the Spanish EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) contractor, Gamesa. The state-owned utility Société Tunisienne de l’Electricité et du Gaz (STEG) sponsored these projects. The utility is also sponsoring the planned large scale operation (190 MW), Centrales Eoliennes de Bizerte 1 and 2, which too is expected to receive Spanish development aid. No significant private operations were identified in the pipeline projects for Tunisia. In Morocco, the first pilot was a 3.5 MW project near Tetouan (the Al Koudia Al baida project), developed by the public utility Office National de l’ Électricité (ONE) with KfW support. But unlike Egypt, Morocco immediately migrated in 2000 to private procurement of wind energy projects: the 50 MW expansion of Al Koudia Al baida was developed by a French consortium Compagnie Eolienne du Détroit (CED) under a 19-year build-own-operate-transfer (BOOT) concession. A third of the completed projects in Morocco were structured as public while the rest were developed as either public-private partnerships or independent power production. Mauritius followed a path similar to Morocco’s; first engaging with public entities for pilot phases before turning to private sponsors. A first attempt was made in the 1980s, but did not yield satisfactory results as cyclone-proof technology was not fully mastered. A 0.2 MW pilot project was later commissioned in 2004 at Rodrigues Island. This project is owned and operated by state-owned Central Electricity Board. A private French wind energy developer, Aerowatt, is expected to execute the first two commercial operations in the country under BOOT contracts: the 18 MW Eole (Plaine Des Roches) and the 22 MW Britannia wind farms. Similarly, Kenya’s only pilot farm at Ngong Hills was developed by its public utility KenGen in 2009. After the successful operation of the pilot project, there are plans to expand this wind farm to a commercial scale. Also in the pipeline is the country’s first full blown commercial operation of 300 MW Lake Turkana wind farm which is also privately sponsored. Some African countries are moving directly to relatively large scale projects and with private participation. Cape Verde’s first wind farm – also the first commercial operation outside of North Africa – was executed as a PPP. However it is interesting to note that the key private shareholders of the project company (Cabeólica S.A.) – Africa Finance Corporation, Finnfund and Infraco – are institutions with a development mandate. Similar developments are being observed in Algeria. In South Africa, the wind energy market remains underdeveloped, with only two completed pilot projects sponsored; one by its public utility Eskom (Klipheuwel wind project); and another through a PPP arrangement with the financial backing of DANIDA (Darling Wind farm). The industry is however poised to grow exponentially, thanks to the private sector led developments expected following the recent conclusion of a concrete procurement framework for renewable energy Independent Power Producers (IPP) as discussed in section 4.4. The first set of grid connected wind 10 PPPs encompass all forms of engagement involving a private party as part or full owner of the wind project, and including a power purchase agreement with the national utility. 9PDF Image | Development of Wind Energy in Africa
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