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sponsored projects. This conclusion seems to hold on the full sample as well (Figure 3.12). This observation is partly a reflection of the terms at which governments mobilize funding for the projects as compared to private sponsors. Whereas governments may have access to cheaper financing through grants and concessional loans from development agencies, private sponsors mobilize financing at commercial terms which are relatively more expensive. In addition, it is likely that private promoters of pipeline projects adopt equipment which is more costly, but more productive in the long term in order to maximize returns over the life of the project. However, the standard deviation of unit costs for government sponsored projects is noteworthy; some projects (mostly the pilot projects) also have higher unit costs. Figure 3.11: Distribution of Costs per Unit of Installed or Figure 3.12: Per Unit Cost by Type of Sponsor Planned Capacity 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1980 1990 Project completion year (actual and expected) 2000 2010 2020 Egypt South Africa Expon. (Morocco) Morocco Expon. (Egypt) Expon. (South Africa) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 01234 1=Public; 2=PPP; 3=Private Linear (1=Public; 2=PPP; 3=Private) Source: Authors’ analysis Source: Authors’ analysis Further conclusions can also be drawn on the trends in sponsorship of projects. The public sector emerges as the main sponsor of completed wind projects in Africa for the reasons already outlined in section 3.2. Government sponsorship has been either through domestic utilities or special agencies established to promote clean energy projects like the NREA in Egypt. We find that 78% of all completed projects were government sponsored, relative to 14% private sponsored and 7% public- private sponsored projects. The private sponsored projects include Morocco’s industries self-generation projects (for example, the La Farge Wind Farm developed by the cement manufacturer La cimenterie de Tetouan)12, and the wind energy project sponsored by South Africa’s Eskom in Mozambique (Inhambane Wind Project). The landscape of sponsors is expected to significantly evolve in the coming years. Most countries will seek private (e.g. South Africa) or public-private (e.g. Morocco) sponsorship of wind energy projects. Egypt is expected to increase private sponsorship of projects to about two thirds of its planned projects portfolio, although at present, NREA is still the primary promoter of pipeline projects. Only 37% of the 12 This was facilitated by the 2008 electricity self-production law and Morocco’s EnergiPro initiative. 14 Unit cost, USD million per MW Unit cost, USD million per MWPDF Image | Development of Wind Energy in Africa
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