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Figure 3.14: Financing for Completed Projects, Value of Total Project Financing by Source (average annual growth in USD million) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1988 1995 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 ODA (-0.12) DFI: Non-concessional (+10.42) Government Budget(+2.96) Private (+3.04) ECA (+1.74) Green Funds (+0.002) Source: Authors’ analysis Another hypothesis tested is whether access to carbon finance markets through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has affected technology choices in favor of wind energy developments in Africa. We find that less than a quarter (23%) of completed projects benefited from CDM. These projects range in capacity from 22 to 120 MW, with an average plant size of 84 MW. Average sales amount to 188,400 tons of CO2 tons-equivalent per year, equivalent to about USD 2.7 million per year per project, over a modal crediting period of 7 years. At these rates, beneficiary projects generate up to 20% of total project costs over the crediting period. CDM funding has been useful in improving the commercial viability of beneficiary projects. For instance, in Zafarana 4, CDM financing helped improve the project’s internal rate of return by approximately 2% through an emission reduction purchase agreement spearheaded by KfW covering the 2007-2012 period (Sünnen, 2010). CDM projects include some of the Zafarana wind farm projects in Egypt, as well as some auto-production projects in Morocco. European countries – including Germany, Japan, the UK, Denmark, France, and Switzerland – are the most active CDM partners for wind projects in Africa. A list of projects, both completed and in the pipeline, that have benefited from CDM financing is presented in Annex 2. 17 USD MillionPDF Image | Development of Wind Energy in Africa
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