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regime at the same time reduces and the array consequently behaves like a single farm with steady wind speed and thus steady deliverable wind power (Archer and Jacobson, 2007). 4.2 Economic Considerations There are other reasons why African countries may not opt for the wind energy solution. One relates to the attractiveness of wind based electricity generation from a commercial viability perspective. This is because value-for-money assessments of project options often do not take into consideration the valuation of negative externalities, nor do they correct for undervaluation of tradable energy resources. Emissions from polluting power generation activities are not always assigned a cost, nor are benefits from renewable energy reflected in prices. In the presence of capital cost disadvantages for emerging technologies such as wind (Figure 4.2), this implies an implicit bias in financial return comparisons in favor of conventional energy resources. Figure 4.2: Levelized Cost of Electricity Generation by Technology (2008 USD/MWh) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Solar PV CSP Wind Gas CC Gas CT Hydro IGCC* Coal** Nuclear Fuel Cost O&M Cost Capital Cost * IGCC with carbon capture and storage, ** Supercritical coal. Solar PV- Solar Photovoltaic, CSP - concentrated solar power, Gas CT - Gas combustion turbine, Gas CC - Gas combined cycle, IGCC - Integrated gasification combined cycle, O&M – Operation and Maintenance Source: World Bank, 2011 Indeed, there is substantial competition between wind and other well established renewable energy sources such as hydro, which have the capital cost advantage and favorable physical attributes such as storability (Figure 4.3). Competition also arises from fossil fuel resources (Figure 4.4). About half of the wind energy endowed African countries are also rich in conventional thermal resources, i.e., coal, gas and oil. The generation mix in these countries is predominantly thermal. Closely linked to the issue of endowments, are the existing rules regulating pricing of fossil fuels. Underpricing of fossil fuels especially in net exporting countries is creating an uneven playing field for renewables such as wind energy. Moreover, the higher upfront costs for wind technology, in the absence of favorable tariff regulation, can make capital 20PDF Image | Development of Wind Energy in Africa
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