PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 028
expenses restrictive. For instance, import duties on renewable energy technologies coupled with subsidies on fossil-fuels in Nigeria make renewable energies, in particular wind and solar, uncompetitive (Kennedy-Darling J. et al, 2008). Figure 4.3: Potential from Other Renewable Energy Figure 4.4: Potential from Conventional Thermal Energy Source, mtoe Source, mtoe 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Tanz Mauritania Sudan DRC Angola Madagas Ethiop Chad Moz SA Somalia Nam Ken Egypt Sey Libya Moroc Congo 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Wind, mtoe 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 Congo Egypt Chad Angola Tun 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Wind, mtoe SA Moroc Libya Mauritania Sudan Moz Madagas Somalia Source: Authors’ adaptation using Buys et al 2007 (data)18 The continued growth and sustenance of wind energy, just like several other renewable energies, has come at a significant cost for governments and the public. Many countries, including some African countries, have introduced public policies to make wind energy more affordable for the end user through direct subsidies or other mechanisms such as Feed-in-Tariffs (Section 4.4 and Annex 3). For instance, the World Nuclear Association estimates that the cost to the German government and consumers to make wind and solar energy accessible and affordable is EUR 5 billion per year in subsidies. Such a cost is obviously beyond what most African countries can afford. Renewable energy subsidies have come under intense pressure especially in light of the economic crisis and public spending cuts forcing several countries including Spain, Germany, Japan, USA and South Africa, among others, to revise such subsidies in order to reduce the fiscal burden on government budgets. Another important consideration from commercial perspective has to do with the use of wind-based electricity in the generation mix. Wind can best be viewed as supplementary energy resource, given its unsteady output and Figure 4.5: Correlation of wind energy potential to installed capacity 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Tan Mau Sud Nam Som Mad 0 Cha Moz Ken Ang C.Ver Egypt Mor S.Afr Tun 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 -10 Grid Electricity Access Rate, % of population Source: US Energy information Administration 2008, AfDB Infrastructure Database 2011, Buys et al 2007 18 Depicts ‘High’ scenario for renewable energy resources (wind, solar and geothermal). Wind energy potential refers to the sum of on-shore and off-shore wind potentials. 21 Wind Energy Potential (mtoe) Other Renewables, mtoe Conventional Thermal, mtoePDF Image | Development of Wind Energy in Africa
PDF Search Title:
Development of Wind Energy in AfricaOriginal File Name Searched:
Working_Paper_170___Development_of_Wind_Energy_in_Africa.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)